A system for cryocooling an optical sensor on a satellite to a temperature below 200K with minimal vibration comprising a miniature conical rotary screw compressor comprising an inner element configured to only rotate around a first stationary axis and an outer element configured to only rotate around a second stationary axis so that both elements revolve with minimal vibration; with at least one of a) a length of at least one of the inner element and the outer element is between 10 mm and 100 mm; b) a diameter of at least one of the inner element and the outer element is between 2 mm and 45 mm; c) a compression ratio of the rotary screw compressor is between 1:2 and 1:20; and d) a shaft speed of the conical rotary screw compressor is between 1001 and 20000 revolutions per minute.

Space vehicles configured with a micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) protection system are described herein. The MMOD protection system can include (a) a front face sheet and a rear face sheet spaced apart from the front face sheet directed outwardly, and the rear face sheet being positioned to attach to the space launch vehicle; (b) at least one absorption core layer and at least one impact resistant fabric layer positioned between the front face sheet and the rear face sheet; and (c) an expandable adhesive layer carried by the rear face sheet to attach the MMOD protection system to the space launch vehicle. The front face sheet and the rear face sheet can comprise a metal matrix composite. The MMOD protection system can protect the space vehicle from damage in space, while withstanding launch loads, and can accordingly eliminate the need for a protective launch fairing.

A thermal control system may transfer energy (directly or after a delay) to a thrusting device that can be used to slow a reentry vehicle entering a gaseous atmosphere from orbit. The thermal control system may mitigate the heating of the vehicle by transferring heat generated by the viscous interaction between the vehicle and high-altitude portions of a planetary atmosphere to a working fluid. This working fluid may then be routed through and/or ejected through one or more nozzles aligned to produce thrust in a direction that opposes the forward motion of this vehicle. This counter thrust may help to slow the reentry vehicle and reduce the amount of kinetic energy that can be converted into thermal energy. The working fluid may also be stored to use for propulsion after the reentry vehicle slows below hypersonic velocities.

A thermal control system may transfer energy (directly or after a delay) to a thrusting device that can be used to slow a reentry vehicle entering a gaseous atmosphere from orbit. The thermal control system may mitigate the heating of the vehicle by transferring heat generated by the viscous interaction between the vehicle and high-altitude portions of a planetary atmosphere to a working fluid. This working fluid may then be routed through and/or ejected through one or more nozzles aligned to produce thrust in a direction that opposes the forward motion of this vehicle. This counter thrust may help to slow the reentry vehicle and reduce the amount of kinetic energy that can be converted into thermal energy. The working fluid may also be stored to use for propulsion after the reentry vehicle slows below hypersonic velocities.

A multi-layer shell structure for a vehicle and method of providing a multi-layer shell structure for a vehicle. The multi-layer structure includes a thermal protection system (TPS) layer, a structural layer connected to the TPS layer, and a high tensile fabric barrier layer bonded to the structural layer. Room-temperature-vulcanizing silicone may be used to bond the TPS layer to the structural layer and bond the high tensile fabric barrier layer to the structural layer. The high tensile fabric barrier layer may create a seal on the structural layer. The multi-layer shell structure may include inner shell enclosing a passenger and/or cargo compartment and an annulus between the inner shell and the high tensile fabric barrier layer. The high tensile fabric barrier layer may prohibit entry of gas into the annulus in the event a hole is created through a portion of the multi-layer shell structure.

An exterior panel is formed of superplastic materials, including an exterior skin of titanium to accommodate high thermal stresses imposed on hypersonic transport vehicles during hypersonic flight. The exterior skin is fixed to an underlying reinforcing skeletal structure consisting of a superplastic formable reinforcement (SFR) layer, for example a titanium, zirconium, and molybdenum (TZM) alloy, which supports the exterior skin whenever the latter may be heated to temperatures exceeding 1200 degrees Fahrenheit. The exterior panel includes a separate interior skin configured for attachment to a frame member such as a rib, stringer, or spar of the hypersonic transport vehicle. A multicellular core is sandwiched between the exterior and interior skins to impart tensile and compressive strength to the exterior panel. In one disclosed method, the core is superplastic formed and diffusion bonded to the exterior and interior skins.

A radiative fin for a spacecraft is disclosed having an end fitting of heat conductive material, configured to be mounted on the spacecraft, a flexible radiative laminate, connected to the end fitting at one end and having an opposite free end, at least one pyrolytic graphite sheet, and at least one heat emission layer in contact with the pyrolythic graphite sheet on at least part of the surface of the pyrolythic graphite sheet, and a flexible rod, extending from the end fitting along at least part of a side of the flexible radiative laminate and being affixed to the latter. The flexible rod is adapted to occupy a folded position and a deployed position and to exert, while in the folded position, a deployment torque adapted to bring the flexible rod back to the deployed position.

A radiative fin for a spacecraft is disclosed having an end fitting of heat conductive material, configured to be mounted on the spacecraft, a flexible radiative laminate, connected to the end fitting at one end and having an opposite free end, at least one pyrolytic graphite sheet, and at least one heat emission layer in contact with the pyrolythic graphite sheet on at least part of the surface of the pyrolythic graphite sheet, and a flexible rod, extending from the end fitting along at least part of a side of the flexible radiative laminate and being affixed to the latter. The flexible rod is adapted to occupy a folded position and a deployed position and to exert, while in the folded position, a deployment torque adapted to bring the flexible rod back to the deployed position.

A metal encapsulated ceramic tile thermal insulation system for rockets and associated methods is disclosed. A representative system includes a launch vehicle having a first end and a second end generally opposite the first end and includes a heat shield positioned at the second end. The heat shield includes a plurality of thermal protection apparatuses, where individual of the thermal protection apparatuses include ceramic tiles encapsulated by inner and outer metal layers, which are positioned on opposing top and bottom surfaces of the ceramic tiles. The plurality of thermal protection apparatuses includes a plurality of pins positioned within corresponding holes drilled through the ceramic tiles and are secured to the metal layers. The outer metal layer can protect the ceramic tile from tool strikes and debris and can also prevent water from reaching and being absorbed by the ceramic tile.

A metal encapsulated ceramic tile thermal insulation system for rockets and associated methods is disclosed. A representative system includes a launch vehicle having a first end and a second end generally opposite the first end and includes a heat shield positioned at the second end. The heat shield includes a plurality of thermal protection apparatuses, where individual of the thermal protection apparatuses include ceramic tiles encapsulated by inner and outer metal layers, which are positioned on opposing top and bottom surfaces of the ceramic tiles. The plurality of thermal protection apparatuses includes a plurality of pins positioned within corresponding holes drilled through the ceramic tiles and are secured to the metal layers. The outer metal layer can protect the ceramic tile from tool strikes and debris and can also prevent water from reaching and being absorbed by the ceramic tile.