Aspects of the present invention include the production and use of chemically modified RNAi agents (e.g., shRNAs) in gene silencing applications. The chemically modified RNAi agents disclosed herein have reduced immunostimulatory activity, increased serum stability, or both, as compared to a corresponding RNAi agent not having the chemical modification. Compositions containing chemically modified RNAi agents according to aspects of the present invention (including pharmaceutical compositions) and kits containing the same are also provided.

Disclosed herein are nucleosides, nucleotides and analogs thereof, pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more of nucleosides, nucleotides and analogs thereof, and methods of synthesizing the same, of the Formula (I). ##STR00001## Also disclosed herein are methods of ameliorating and/or treating a disease and/or a condition, including an infection from a norovirus, with a nucleoside, a nucleotide and an analog thereof.

Disclosed are nutritional compositions including human milk oligosaccharides in combination with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or carotenoids that can be administered to preterm infants, term infants, toddlers, and children for reducing inflammation and the incidence of inflammatory diseases.

The compounds are of the class of N4-hydroxycytidine nucleosides, modified monophosphate and phosphonates prodrugs analogs, and pharmaceutically acceptable, salts, prodrugs, and other derivatives thereof, useful in treating HCV or Norovirus infections.

The invention relates to a composition for use in the treatment or prevention of recognition dysfunction, and/or for improving recognition, in a (prodromal) Alzheimer's patient, in particular in a drug-naive (prodromal) Alzheimer's patient, more particularly in a subject with a mini-mental state examination of 20-30.

The present invention relates to Cyclic Phosphonate Substituted Nucleoside Derivatives of Formula (I): (structure) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein B, X, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, as well as to compositions and methods of using the Cyclic Phosphonate Substituted Nucleoside Derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient. ##STR00001##

The present invention has an object to provide an effective and safe therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease, and solves the above object by providing a therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases containing adenosine N1-oxide or a derivative thereof as an effective ingredient.

Use of rutin for increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic treatments used in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of tumors is described, in particular in case of resistance to chemotherapeutics currently in use.

Disclosed herein are nucleotide analogs, methods of synthesizing nucleotide analogs and methods of treating diseases and/or conditions such as a HCV infection with one or more nucleotide analogs.

The present disclosure provides a heavy atom carrier and a method of treating cancer using the heavy atom carriers in conjunction with monochromatic X-ray. The heavy atom carriers are halogen-containing heavy atom carriers.