Systems and methods remove and manage heavy metals. In one implementation, an exemplary method can be applied to food processing and food consumption to remove heavy metals such as mercury, lead, uranium and cadmium before absorption by a living organism. The exemplary method exposes the food to a heavy-metal binding ligand, such as a concentrated protein or phytic acid, to form a heavy-metal chelate, and then allows the chelate to separate from the food. In another implementation, an exemplary probe possesses innovative molecular layers on its surface to detect and quantify heavy metals by attracting and binding traces of the heavy metals on a ligand layer.

A hybrid graphene material and a filter capable of retaining, in whole or in part, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyl and other smoke compounds from tobacco products or industrial processes, having as adsorbent substances activated carbon and graphene materials, both supported by the same matrix and in the same filter compartment, which may or may not be attached to another conventional filter compartment of cellulose acetate fibers or similar polymer, and a method for manufacturing such material.

The disclosure provides a filter layer structure, a filter assembly, and a method of forming a filter layer structure. The filter layer structure has an unwound state. In the unwound state, the filter layer structure includes: a supporting layer; a first hydrophilic protective layer arranged on the supporting layer, where a first end of the first hydrophilic protective layer corresponds to a first end of the supporting layer; and a filter medium layer arranged on the supporting layer, where the filter medium layer extends along a length direction of the first hydrophilic protective layer, a first end of the filter medium layer faces a second end of the first hydrophilic protective layer, and a second end of the filter medium layer corresponds to a second end of the supporting layer.

A filtration mask protects the wearer against airborne hazards. The mask is reusable and may be used in a number of configurations. The mask includes filters located to the side and beneath the line of sight of the wearer. The filters may be tailored to the use and type of environmental hazard.

An extreme ultra violet (EUV) lithography apparatus includes a light source that generates an EUV light beam, a scanner that receives the light from a junction with the light source and directs the light to a reticle stage, and a debris catcher disposed on a EUV beam path between the light source and the scanner. The debris catcher includes a network membrane including a plurality of nano-fibers.

The present disclosure provides a filter for removing contaminants from a liquid or gaseous medium including a woven or nonwoven sheet of entangled carbon nanotubes. The present disclosure also provides a method for reducing the concentration of contaminants in a liquid or gaseous medium by contacting the liquid or gaseous medium with the filter.

Filter media, filters and methods for making the same are provided herein. A filter media comprises a fibrous layer having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion and second portions being disposed next to each other along a thickness direction of the layer. The fibers from the first portion are intermeshed with the fibers from the second portion. A weight ratio of the fibers in the first portion to the fibers in the second portion is greater than 1:1. In certain embodiments, the fibrous layer comprise synthetic fibers, and two different types of cellulosic fiber. The synthetic fibers constitute less than 20 wt % of the fibers in the fibrous layer, and the second portion comprises more synthetic fibers, in terms of mass per unit area, than the first portion.

An extreme ultra violet (EUV) lithography apparatus includes a light source that generates an EUV light beam, a scanner that receives the light from a junction with the light source and directs the light to a reticle stage, and a debris catcher disposed on a EUV beam path between the light source and the scanner. The debris catcher includes a network membrane including a plurality of nano-fibers.

The present disclosure provides devices and methods for filtering a fluid. An example device can include a first end configured to be joined to a first segment of a pipe. The first end can include a first opening for receiving the fluid. The device can also include a second end configured to be joined to a second segment of the pipe. The second end can include a second opening for transmitting the fluid. A filtering segment can be disposed between the first end and the second end. The filtering segment can include a plurality of fiber filters oriented substantially perpendicular to a direction of flow of the fluid in the pipe. A fiber filter of the plurality of fiber filters can include a mycomaterial and a carrier material configured to provide nutrients to the mycomaterial.