Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to mixtures and methods for pneumatically conveying powdered materials. A method includes providing a pneumatic conveyance system with a gas stream having a gas velocity; providing particles of sorbent material having a median sorbent particle size d.sub.50, sorbent from 1 m to 28 m; injecting the particles of sorbent material into the gas stream; providing particles of erodant material having a median erodant particle size d.sub.50, erodant of at least 150 m, where the erodant material is provided in an amount from 0.5% to 3% by weight of the particles of sorbent material; and injecting the particles of erodant material into the gas stream, where the gas velocity is sufficient to entrain the particles of sorbent material and sufficient to convey the particles of erodant material. A mixture of sorbent material and erodant material is also disclosed.

The invention relates to a method for cleaning flue gas, the flue gas to be cleaned and a sorption agent starting material in the form of a solid being injected into a reactor chamber of a fluidized-bed reactor, and a liquid being injected into the reactor chamber separately from the flue gas and the sorption agent starting material, the sorption agent starting material being contacted with the liquid in the fluidized-bed reactor and being converted to a sorption agent in the form of a solid.

The invention relates to a method for cleaning flue gas, the flue gas to be cleaned and a sorption agent starting material in the form of a solid being injected into a reactor chamber of a fluidized-bed reactor, and a liquid being injected into the reactor chamber separately from the flue gas and the sorption agent starting material, the sorption agent starting material being contacted with the liquid in the fluidized-bed reactor and being converted to a sorption agent in the form of a solid.

A method for producing an aroma composition from an animal or plant material, including fragmenting an animal or plant material to give a crude fragmented pieces of the material that contains minor fragments, removing minor fragments from a gas that contains aroma compounds emitted from the material in fragmenting the material and minor fragments, applying the gas from which minor fragments have been removed to an adsorbent to thereby make the aroma compounds adsorbed by the adsorbent, and collecting the aroma compounds from the adsorbent to prepare an aroma composition containing the aroma compounds. The adsorbent is held in an adsorbent holder in an aroma compound adsorbing device, and the adsorbent holder has a mesh lid at both ends thereof in the gas flowing direction therethrough.

A method for producing an aroma composition from an animal or plant material, including fragmenting an animal or plant material to give a crude fragmented pieces of the material that contains minor fragments, removing minor fragments from a gas that contains aroma compounds emitted from the material in fragmenting the material and minor fragments, applying the gas from which minor fragments have been removed to an adsorbent to thereby make the aroma compounds adsorbed by the adsorbent, and collecting the aroma compounds from the adsorbent to prepare an aroma composition containing the aroma compounds. The adsorbent is held in an adsorbent holder in an aroma compound adsorbing device, and the adsorbent holder has a mesh lid at both ends thereof in the gas flowing direction therethrough.

An apparatus and process for separating and removing CO.sub.2 generated by one or more passengers in the air in the interior of a cabin of a vehicle. Provided are:a first stream of the air from the interior of the cabin to an interior of a container holding a loose particulate sorbent for CO.sub.2;a second stream of air depleted in CO.sub.2 from the interior of the container holding the sorbent to an interior of the cabin;a third stream of the air from exterior of the cabin to the inferior of the container holding the sorbent; anda fourth stream of air enriched in CO.sub.2 from the interior of the container holding the sorbent to an exterior of the cabin.

An apparatus and process for separating and removing CO.sub.2 generated by one or more passengers in the air in the interior of a cabin of a vehicle. Provided are:a first stream of the air from the interior of the cabin to an interior of a container holding a loose particulate sorbent for CO.sub.2;a second stream of air depleted in CO.sub.2 from the interior of the container holding the sorbent to an interior of the cabin;a third stream of the air from exterior of the cabin to the inferior of the container holding the sorbent; anda fourth stream of air enriched in CO.sub.2 from the interior of the container holding the sorbent to an exterior of the cabin.

A family of optimised cyclones has been surprisingly detected, when incorporating into cyclone calculation the interparticle agglomeration phenomenon, the main cause of the capture of submicrometric particles by greater particles preferably having diameters of 10-20 m, the family of optimised cyclones having a geometry defined by the following non-dimensional parameters: a/D 0.110-0.170; b/D 0.110-0.170; s/D 0.500-0.540; D e/D 0.100-0.170; h/D 2.200-2.700; H/D 3.900-4.300; D b/D 0.140-0.180, wherein a and b are the sides of the tangential cyclone entrance, which has a rectangular cross-section, and the first of these sides is parallel to the axis of the cyclone, which has a body of height H with a cylindrical upper section having an inner diameter D and a height h, and a lower section with an inverted truncated cone shape with a minor base having the diameter D b; and a cylindrical vortex tube of height s and diameter De (inner dimensions). Global efficiency is maximised in that the efficiency for finer and/or less dense particles, which are the most difficult to capture, is maximised.

A family of optimised cyclones has been surprisingly detected, when incorporating into cyclone calculation the interparticle agglomeration phenomenon, the main cause of the capture of submicrometric particles by greater particles preferably having diameters of 10-20 m, the family of optimised cyclones having a geometry defined by the following non-dimensional parameters: a/D 0.110-0.170; b/D 0.110-0.170; s/D 0.500-0.540; D e/D 0.100-0.170; h/D 2.200-2.700; H/D 3.900-4.300; D b/D 0.140-0.180, wherein a and b are the sides of the tangential cyclone entrance, which has a rectangular cross-section, and the first of these sides is parallel to the axis of the cyclone, which has a body of height H with a cylindrical upper section having an inner diameter D and a height h, and a lower section with an inverted truncated cone shape with a minor base having the diameter D b; and a cylindrical vortex tube of height s and diameter De (inner dimensions). Global efficiency is maximised in that the efficiency for finer and/or less dense particles, which are the most difficult to capture, is maximised.

A process and a device for treating a flow of furnace gas with a pressure of more than 1 bar flowing through a channel. A powder agent, such as a powder comprising alkali reagents, such as lime, and/or absorbents, such as activated coal, is injected under an overpressure into the furnace gas flow via an injector which is positioned centrally within the channel. The powder agent may be fluidized. The pressure for injecting the powder may be adjusted by controlling the volume of fluidization gas vented via a venting outlet.