The disclosure relates to recovering Li ions in a raw liquid into a recovery liquid at a high recovery speed. A lithium selective permeable membrane is constituted of a selective permeable membrane main body constituted of a lithium ion superconductor (ion conductor) having a particularly high ion conductivity and a Li adsorption layer formed as a thin layer on a raw liquid side (a first electrode) thereof. As a material constituting the selective permeable membrane main body, specifically, lanthanum lithium titanium oxide can be used. The Li adsorption layer is formed as a thin layer on a surface of the selective permeable membrane main body by carrying out a chemical treatment on the selective permeable membrane main body.

An apparatus for treating an aqueous sample stream includes analyte ions. The apparatus comprises an ion exchange barrier; a sample stream flow channel; an ion receiving stream flow channel adjacent to the sample stream flow channel and separated therefrom by said first ion exchange bather. Stationary flow-through ion exchange packing is disposed in the sample flow channel of the same charge as the ion exchange bather. The ion exchange packing comprises a mixture of a first ion exchange portion with strong ionizable groups and a second ion exchange portion with weak ionizable groups of the same charge. First and second electrodes are in electrical communication with the sample stream flow channel and ion receiving flow channel.

A process and system for producing a hydrogenated drinking water has a reverse osmosis filter, an ionizer and a power supply. The reverse osmosis filter has an inlet on one side thereof and first and second outlets on an opposite side thereof. The first outlet is adapted to pass a permeate from the reverse osmosis filter. The second outlet is adapted to pass brine from the reverse osmosis filter. The ionizer is in fluid communication with the reverse osmosis filter. The ionizer has a first inlet connected to the first outlet of the progress osmosis filter. The ionizer has a second inlet connected to the second outlet of the reverse osmosis filter. The power supply is connected to the ionizer so as to electrolysize the brine and the permeate.

Membrane cell stack arrangement and method of manufacturing such a membrane cell stack arrangement. The arrangement has a housing (2) having a central axis, and a stack of membrane cells (4), each membrane cell (6) being arranged inside the housing (2) with a major surface (6a) of the membrane cell (6) oriented substantially perpendicular to the central axis. Each membrane cell (6) has a corner recess (12) between each two adjacent sides of at least four sides (10a-d). Sealing compartments (14) are provided by corner recesses (12) of adjacent membrane cells of the stack of membrane cells (4) in co-operation with a part of an inner surface (2a) of the housing (2).

A waste water treatment system including an electrolysis treatment system and three membrane concentration systems. The electrolysis treatment system includes a first chamber that receives waste water and produces treated waste water, a second chamber that receives first recycled water and produces dilute acid discharge, and a third chamber that receives second recycled water and produces dilute caustic discharge. An anion exchange membrane separates the first chamber from the second chamber. A cation exchange membrane separates the first chamber from the third chamber. The membrane concentration system receives the treated waste water and produces a concentrated aqueous sodium sulfate product and a pure water product. A first thermal concentration system receives the dilute acid discharge and produces first recycled water and a concentrated acid product. The second thermal concentration system receives the dilute caustic discharge and produces second recycled water and a concentrated aqueous sodium sulfate product.

An electrodialysis module includes at least one base unit. The base unit includes a working tank, a first ion-exchange membrane, a second ion-exchange membrane, at least one first electrode, and at least two second electrodes. The first ion-exchange membrane and the second ion-exchange membrane are located in the working tank. The first ion-exchange membrane and the second ion-exchange membrane together divide the working tank into two electrode compartments and a desalination compartment therebetween. The at least one first electrode is disposed in the desalination compartment. The at least two second electrodes are disposed in each of the electrode compartments, respectively, in which the at least two second electrodes and the at least one first electrode have different polarities.

Provided are water treatment systems and methods of treating water that include separating dissolved salts from a feed stream using an organic solvent brine stream. For example, described are water treatment systems comprising: an electrodialysis device comprising an inlet feed stream, an inlet brine stream, an outlet product stream, and an outlet brine stream; and a precipitation tank comprising an inlet stream and an outlet stream, wherein the inlet stream of the precipitation tank comprises the outlet brine stream of the electrodialysis device, and the inlet brine stream of the electrodialysis device comprises the outlet stream of the precipitation tank, and wherein inlet brine stream and outlet brine stream comprises an organic solvent.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods in which an aqueous stream comprising solubilized monovalent ions and solubilized multivalent ions is processed such that multivalent ions are selectively retained and monovalent ions are selectively removed. According to certain embodiments, an aqueous feed stream is transported through an ion-selective separator to produce a multivalent-ion-enriched stream and a monovalent-ion-enriched stream. The monovalent-ion-enriched stream may be transported through a desalination apparatus to produce a substantially pure water stream and a concentrated aqueous stream. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the multivalent-ion-enriched stream produced by the ion-selective separator is combined with at least a portion of the substantially pure water stream produced by the desalination apparatus to produce a combined product stream containing a relatively large percentage of the solubilized multivalent ions from the aqueous feed stream and a relatively small percentage of the solubilized monovalent ions from the aqueous feed stream.

A bipolar electrodialysis based flow battery system. Diffusion inhibiting solvents capable of operating at low temperatures are used in conjunction with permeable bipolar membranes that may operate in forward and reverse operation. An ion exchange column is utilized to regenerate stream compositions after operation with non-ideal membranes.

The present invention provides for nutrient extraction and recovery devices that use the Donnan Membrane Principle (DMP) to cause spontaneous separation of dissolved ions along electrochemical potential gradients, wherein anions and cations such as H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup., HPO.sub.4.sup.2, PO.sub.4.sup.3, Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+, NH.sub.4.sup.+, and K.sup.+ are moved from manure containing waste streams through cation and anion exchange membranes into a recovery stream thereby precipitating target compounds including but not limited to struvite, potassium struvite and hydroxyapatite.