Provided is an apparatus and a method of desalinating saltwater and transporting hydrogen ions using Ion Concentration Polarization (ICP), the apparatus including: a channel part including a channel allowing saltwater to be introduced thereinto, an ion-selective membrane connected to the channel, and a cathode and an anode for applying a voltage to both ends of the channel; a desalination part configured to obtain fresh water from the saltwater with ionic substances removed from the saltwater by ion concentration polarization in a first region adjacent to the anode of the ion-selective membrane; and a hydrogen gas production part configured to concentrate the ionic substances in a second region adjacent to the cathode of the ion-selective membrane and to reduce hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) contained in the ionic substances.

Ion-selective separation by shock electrodialysis is performed by applying a voltage differential between electrodes across a porous medium to selectively draw a first species in a liquid toward at least one of the electrodes to a greater degree than a degree to which a second species in the liquid is drawn toward the same electrode. The voltage differential creates a shock in the charged-species concentration in the bulk volume of the liquid within pore channels of the porous medium, wherein the concentration of the first species in a depleted zone of the liquid bulk volume between the shock and the ion-selective boundary is substantially lower than the concentration of the second species in the liquid bulk volume between the shock and the first electrode. A dilute stream including the second species is extracted from the depleted zone separate from a concentrated stream including the first species.

A method of recovering desalinated activated alumina (AA) beads from a composition including salt laden (high salt absorbed) activated alumna (AA) beads and free anions and free cations, comprising the step of electrodialysis of the composition to reduce salt content of the activated alumina (AA) beads to produce a stream comprising the desalinated activated alumina (AA) beads.

This lithium-isotope enrichment device comprises a treatment tank which is divided into a supply tank and a recovery tank by means of an electrolyte membrane having lithium ion conductivity, and recovers, into the recovery tank, an aqueous solution ES for the recovery of .sup.6Li of which the isotope ratio of .sup.6Li is high from a Li-containing aqueous solution FS stored in the supply tank. While a power supply, which is connected between a second electrode of a porous structure provided on a recovery tank-side surface of the electrolyte membrane and a third electrode provided to be spaced apart from the electrolyte membrane in the recovery tank, applies a voltage V1 with the second electrode being made to be positive, the lithium-isotope enrichment device connects a first electrode provided in the supply tank to the second electrode.

A process and system for producing a hydrogenated drinking water has a reverse osmosis filter, an ionizer and a power supply. The reverse osmosis filter has an inlet on one side thereof and first and second outlets on an opposite side thereof. The first outlet is adapted to pass a permeate from the reverse osmosis filter. The second outlet is adapted to pass brine from the reverse osmosis filter. The ionizer is in fluid communication with the reverse osmosis filter. The ionizer has a first inlet connected to the first outlet of the progress osmosis filter. The ionizer has a second inlet connected to the second outlet of the reverse osmosis filter. The power supply is connected to the ionizer so as to electrolysize the brine and the permeate.

A method of moderating concentration of at least highly fluorinated alkyl materials (e.g., molecules) from a contaminated aqueous feed liquid containing an original composition of between 5 parts/trillion and 3000 parts/billion of the at least highly fluorinated materials per liter of water into an aqueous electronic separator having multiple chambers including a feed chamber having a liquid exit port from which a mediated aqueous contaminated feed liquid exits and a liquid input port into which the contaminated aqueous feed liquid enters the feed chamber; an anodic electrode chamber filled with an aqueous anodic liquid; and a cathodic electrode chamber filled with an aqueous cathodic liquid; wherein the feed chamber is between and adjacent to the anodic electrode chamber and the cathodic electrode chamber and the feed chamber is separated from each of the anodic electrode chamber and the cathodic electrode chamber by at least one semipermeable membrane.

A system for generating hydrogen may include an electrochemical device and a separator vessel. A hydrogen sensor may be operable to sense hydrogen in a fluid stream communicated from the separator vessel. A method of operating an electrolyzer is also disclosed.

A system comprises an electrodialysis apparatus, which includes first and second reservoirs, wherein a salt concentration in the first reservoir reduces below a threshold concentration and salt concentration in the second reservoir increases during an operation mode. A first electrode comprises a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode comprises a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. In a first reversible redox reaction between the first electrode and first electrolyte material at least one ion is accepted from the first reservoir, and in a second reversible redox reaction between the second electrode and second electrolyte material at least one ion is driven into the second reservoir. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs, and a second type of membrane, different from the first type, is disposed between the respective electrodes and reservoirs.

A process and system for producing a hydrogenated drinking water has a reverse osmosis filter, an ionizer and a power supply. The reverse osmosis filter has an inlet on one side thereof and first and second outlets on an opposite side thereof. The first outlet is adapted to pass a permeate from the reverse osmosis filter. The second outlet is adapted to pass brine from the reverse osmosis filter. The ionizer is in fluid communication with the reverse osmosis filter. The ionizer has a first inlet connected to the first outlet of the progress osmosis filter. The ionizer has a second inlet connected to the second outlet of the reverse osmosis filter. The power supply is connected to the ionizer so as to electrolysize the brine and the permeate.

Described herein is an ion pump system implementing an electronic ratchet mechanism produced by modulating a spatially varying electric potential distribution that can result in a net ionic current and voltage. The ion pumping membrane system includes an ion-permeable layer that can also be integrated with ion-selective membranes. The electric potential distribution within the ion-permeable layer is modulated through external stimuli. When immersed in solution, ions within the ion-permeable layer experience a time varying, spatially asymmetric electric field distribution resulting in ratchet-driven direct ion pumping, which can be used in applications such as desalination.