The present disclosure relates to a water purification apparatus that comprises a reverse osmosis device, RO-device, producing a purified water flow and to a corresponding method. The proposed method comprises detecting at least one fluid property of purified water in the purified water path and regulating a flow rate of water in the recirculation path to fulfil one or more predetermined criteria of the purified water in the purified water path, based on the at least one detected fluid property. The present disclosure also relates to a computer program and a computer program product implementing the method.

The present disclosure relates to a water purification apparatus that comprises a reverse osmosis device, RO-device, producing a purified water flow and to a corresponding method. The proposed method comprises detecting at least one fluid property of purified water in the purified water path and regulating a flow rate of water in the recirculation path to fulfil one or more predetermined criteria of the purified water in the purified water path, based on the at least one detected fluid property. The present disclosure also relates to a computer program and a computer program product implementing the method.

An improved spacer for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks can provide close contact between the spacer mesh and its adjacent ion exchange membranes, reducing the water flow cross-section through the cell. This in turn can lead to higher flow velocities and increased flow turbulence between ion exchange membranes, thereby reducing membrane polarization effects and increasing the limiting current density. The improved spacer can be combined with a voluminous spacer gasket for receiving a volume of electroactive media, the voluminous spacer gasket comprising an outer gasket edge having an open central area for receiving the electroactive media, and holes on the top and bottom of the outer gasket edge whose dimensions match the holes on the spacer.

An improved spacer for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks can provide close contact between the spacer mesh and its adjacent ion exchange membranes, reducing the water flow cross-section through the cell. This in turn can lead to higher flow velocities and increased flow turbulence between ion exchange membranes, thereby reducing membrane polarization effects and increasing the limiting current density. The improved spacer can be combined with a voluminous spacer gasket for receiving a volume of electroactive media, the voluminous spacer gasket comprising an outer gasket edge having an open central area for receiving the electroactive media, and holes on the top and bottom of the outer gasket edge whose dimensions match the holes on the spacer.

A paper-based micro-concentrator includes a bearing substrate, a fluid reservoir unit, a filter paper, an external electric field, an ion exchange membrane and a magnet. The fluid reservoir unit includes a first buffer solution tank and a second buffer solution tank, which are interval disposed on the bearing substrate. The filter paper is disposed on the bearing substrate, and two ends of the filter paper are respectively placed in the first buffer solution tank and the second buffer solution tank. The external electric field includes a cathode and an anode, which are respectively placed in the first buffer solution tank and the second buffer solution tank. The ion exchange membrane is disposed on the filter paper and close to the first buffer solution tank. The magnet is movably disposed under the bearing substrate.

A paper-based micro-concentrator includes a bearing substrate, a fluid reservoir unit, a filter paper, an external electric field, an ion exchange membrane and a magnet. The fluid reservoir unit includes a first buffer solution tank and a second buffer solution tank, which are interval disposed on the bearing substrate. The filter paper is disposed on the bearing substrate, and two ends of the filter paper are respectively placed in the first buffer solution tank and the second buffer solution tank. The external electric field includes a cathode and an anode, which are respectively placed in the first buffer solution tank and the second buffer solution tank. The ion exchange membrane is disposed on the filter paper and close to the first buffer solution tank. The magnet is movably disposed under the bearing substrate.

An ion-exchange apparatus includes a raw-water tank 1, a treatment section, an ion exchanger and a hydrophilic layer. The raw-water section contains a liquid to be treated with impurity ions. The treatment tank 2 contains a treatment material with exchange ions exchangeable with the impurity ions. The ion exchanger 3 enables the passage of the impurity ions from the raw-water tank 1 to the treatment tank 2 and the passage of the exchange ions from the treatment tank 2 to the raw-water tank 1. The hydrophilic layer M, with a water contact angle of 30° or less, is disposed on at least a surface of the ion exchanger adjacent to the treatment tank 2.

An inexpensive ion-exchange apparatus with an increased ion-exchange capacity has a raw-water tank (1), a treatment tank (2) and an ion exchanger (3). The raw-water tank (1) contains a to be treated liquid. The liquid contains impurity ions. The treatment tank (2) contains a treatment material that contains exchange ions exchangeable with the impurity ions. The ion exchanger (3) enables passage of the impurity ions from the raw-water tank (1) to the treatment tank (2) and the passage of the exchange ions from the treatment tank (2) to the raw-water tank (1). The treatment material in the treatment tank (2) has a higher molarity than the to be treated liquid in the raw-water tank 1.

A process for manufacturing a demineralized milk protein composition, including a step (ii) of electrodialysis of a milk protein composition on an electrodialyzer, the unit cells of which have three compartments, and configured to substitute at least one cation by at least one hydrogen ion H+ in the milk protein composition to obtain an at least partially demineralized and acidified milk protein composition; a step (iii) of electrodialysis of the milk protein composition obtained in step (ii) on an electrodialyzer, the unit cells of which have three compartments, and configured so as to substitute at least one anion by at least one hydroxyl ion OH− in the milk protein composition.

A process for manufacturing a demineralized milk protein composition, including a step (ii) of electrodialysis of a milk protein composition on an electrodialyzer, the unit cells of which have three compartments, and configured to substitute at least one cation by at least one hydrogen ion H+ in the milk protein composition to obtain an at least partially demineralized and acidified milk protein composition; a step (iii) of electrodialysis of the milk protein composition obtained in step (ii) on an electrodialyzer, the unit cells of which have three compartments, and configured so as to substitute at least one anion by at least one hydroxyl ion OH− in the milk protein composition.