Embodiments of the invention involve treating skin afflictions by the topical or oral use of organophosphates. By effectively reducing or eliminating the population of Demodex mites in affected skin areas and areas where Demodex mites may exist, this treatment achieves a more complete remission of clinical signs and symptoms of the skin afflictions than any previously described method. Embodiments of the invention are useful for treating skin afflictions including common acne, seborrheic dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, an acneform rash, transient acantholytic dermatosis, acne necrotica milliaris, psoriasis, steroid induced dermatitis, primary irritation dermatitis, rosacea and for diagnositic methods thereof.

Embodiments of the invention involve treating skin afflictions by the topical or oral use of organophosphates. By effectively reducing or eliminating the population of Demodex mites in affected skin areas and areas where Demodex mites may exist, this treatment achieves a more complete remission of clinical signs and symptoms of the skin afflictions than any previously described method. Embodiments of the invention are useful for treating skin afflictions including common acne, seborrheic dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, an acneform rash, transient acantholytic dermatosis, acne necrotica milliaris, psoriasis, steroid induced dermatitis, primary irritation dermatitis, rosacea and for diagnositic methods thereof.

Killing one or more biting arthropods selected from the group consisting of mosquitoes, bed bugs and ticks is accomplished by bringing the biting arthropods into contact with a toxic amount of a formulation comprising: (1) one or more compounds of structure (I), wherein the compounds of structure (I) comprise: ##STR00001##
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of OH, O, OC(O)R.sub.4, OR.sub.6, (OR.sub.6).sub.2, wherein each R.sub.6 is independently selected from an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sub.4 is a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms: X is O or CH.sub.2, with the proviso that when X is O, then R can only be O; each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of (CH) and (CH.sub.2); y is a numeral selected from 1 and 2; R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of H or a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, (CH.sub.2).sub.nOH, C(O)OR.sub.5, CH.sub.2C(O)OR.sub.7, CH.sub.2C(O)R.sub.8, C(O)NR.sub.9R.sub.10, CH.sub.2C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12 where each of R.sub.5, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 is independently selected from H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and n is an integer of from 1 to 12; the bond between the 2 and 3 positions in the ring structure may be a single or a double bond; and wherein the compounds of structure (I) contain from 11 to 20 total carbon atoms; and (2) one or more toxicant compounds selected from the group consisting of pyrethroids, carbamates, and organophosphates. The formulation can be a synergistic formulation.

Killing one or more biting arthropods selected from the group consisting of mosquitoes, bed bugs and ticks is accomplished by bringing the biting arthropods into contact with a toxic amount of a formulation comprising: (1) one or more compounds of structure (I), wherein the compounds of structure (I) comprise: ##STR00001##
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of OH, O, OC(O)R.sub.4, OR.sub.6, (OR.sub.6).sub.2, wherein each R.sub.6 is independently selected from an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sub.4 is a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms: X is O or CH.sub.2, with the proviso that when X is O, then R can only be O; each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of (CH) and (CH.sub.2); y is a numeral selected from 1 and 2; R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of H or a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, (CH.sub.2).sub.nOH, C(O)OR.sub.5, CH.sub.2C(O)OR.sub.7, CH.sub.2C(O)R.sub.8, C(O)NR.sub.9R.sub.10, CH.sub.2C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12 where each of R.sub.5, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 is independently selected from H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and n is an integer of from 1 to 12; the bond between the 2 and 3 positions in the ring structure may be a single or a double bond; and wherein the compounds of structure (I) contain from 11 to 20 total carbon atoms; and (2) one or more toxicant compounds selected from the group consisting of pyrethroids, carbamates, and organophosphates. The formulation can be a synergistic formulation.

Killing one or more biting arthropods selected from the group consisting of mosquitoes, bed bugs and ticks is accomplished by bringing the biting arthropods into contact with a toxic amount of a formulation comprising: (1) one or more compounds of structure (I), wherein the compounds of structure (I) comprise: ##STR00001##
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of OH, O, OC(O)R.sub.4, OR.sub.6, (OR.sub.6).sub.2, wherein each R.sub.6 is independently selected from an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sub.4 is a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms: X is O or CH.sub.2, with the proviso that when X is O, then R can only be O; each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of (CH) and (CH.sub.2); y is a numeral selected from 1 and 2; R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of H or a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, (CH.sub.2).sub.nOH, C(O)OR.sub.5, CH.sub.2C(O)OR.sub.7, CH.sub.2C(O)R.sub.8, C(O)NR.sub.9R.sub.10, CH.sub.2C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12 where each of R.sub.5, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 is independently selected from H and a branched or straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and n is an integer of from 1 to 12; the bond between the 2 and 3 positions in the ring structure may be a single or a double bond; and wherein the compounds of structure (I) contain from 11 to 20 total carbon atoms; and (2) one or more toxicant compounds selected from the group consisting of pyrethroids, carbamates, and organophosphates. The formulation can be a synergistic formulation.

A method for controlling nematode includes treating a plant or soil with a composition comprising a grammicin compound of Formula 1 or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The grammicin compound may be isolated from a Xylaria grammica strain so that it is harmless to a human body, does not cause any environmental contamination, and exhibits an excellent control activity against root knot nematodes. Thus, it can be advantageously used for developing an environment-friendly natural nematicide and production of a high value-added organic agricultural product.

A method for controlling nematode includes treating a plant or soil with a composition comprising a grammicin compound of Formula 1 or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The grammicin compound may be isolated from a Xylaria grammica strain so that it is harmless to a human body, does not cause any environmental contamination, and exhibits an excellent control activity against root knot nematodes. Thus, it can be advantageously used for developing an environment-friendly natural nematicide and production of a high value-added organic agricultural product.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a) recombinant exosporium-producing Bacillus cells that express a fusion protein comprising: (i) at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide and (ii) a targeting sequence that localizes the fusion protein to the exosporium of the Bacillus cells; and b) at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of this composition as well as a method for enhancing plant growth, promoting plant health, and/or reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a) recombinant exosporium-producing Bacillus cells that express a fusion protein comprising: (i) at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide and (ii) a targeting sequence that localizes the fusion protein to the exosporium of the Bacillus cells; and b) at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of this composition as well as a method for enhancing plant growth, promoting plant health, and/or reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a) recombinant exosporium-producing Bacillus cells that express a fusion protein comprising: (i) at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide and (ii) a targeting sequence that localizes the fusion protein to the exosporium of the Bacillus cells; and b) at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of this composition as well as a method for enhancing plant growth, promoting plant health, and/or reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts.