Methods for reducing the color of phospholipid compositions comprising lecithin are disclosed. The phospholipid composition is exposed to ultraviolet light to reduce the color of the composition. The phospholipid composition may be diluted and/or heated prior to exposure to ultraviolet light to improve the flow properties of the composition. The phospholipid composition may be cooled and/or concentrated after color reduction.

The present invention generally relates to various polycyclic aromatic selenoxide compounds, methods for preparing these compounds, and methods of us these and other compounds to generate ground state atomic oxygen.

A new plasma catalyst in the form of a ceramic-matrix nanocomposite is disclosed for application to the plasma-assisted combustion. The new functionality of the nanoceramic plasma catalyst is driven by the synergistic effect of plasma and solids. The plasma catalyst is based on combinations of valve metal oxides, polar transition-metal oxides, rare-earth oxides and phosphides, alkali metal oxides, silicon oxides and nitrides, etc. are disclosed. The advantage of combining a heterogeneous catalytic and plasma catalytic effect allows utility for large area applications and is scalable for large-scale industries.

Embodiments provide novel devices, nanowires, apparatuses, artificial leaves, photoelectrodes and membranes for photochemical energy production and methods of fabricating the same. The devices, apparatuses, artificial leaves, photoelectrodes, and membranes are planar and are embedded with nanowires, including InGaN nanowires. The unique devices, artificial leaves, apparatuses photoelectrodes, and nanowire-embedded membranes provide a high degree of flexibility and incorporate a large amount of indium, making them valuable for use for hydrogen production from sunlight and water. Embodiments also provide flexible substrates combining water oxidation and hydrogen reduction in a seamless manner to enhance the overall efficiency of water splitting.

The invention provides a photoreactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein: (i) the reactor (30) is a tubular reactor (130), and wherein the reactor wall (35) defines the tubular reactor (130); (ii) the tubular reactor (130) is configured in a tubular arrangement (1130); (iii) the photoreactor assembly (1) further comprises a light source arrangement (1010) comprising a plurality of light sources (10) configured to generate the light source radiation (11), wherein the reactor wall (35) is configured in a radiation receiving relationship with the plurality of light sources (10); and (iv) one or more of the tubular arrangement (1130) and the light source arrangement (1010) defines a polygon (50).

An anti-fouling system is used for protecting a surface against biofouling. Inductive power transfer is used to power an anti-fouling light source arrangement and a voltage multiplier is used at the receiver (secondary) side. The voltage multiplier enables a reduction in the optical impact of the secondary coils in the panel.

Process for cracking hydrocarbon gases, wherein the hydrocarbon gas is passed through a flow channel of an absorptive receiver reactor (1, 30, 40), characterized in that cracking takes place during the passing through the receiver reactor (1, 30, 40), wherein in a first region (21) of the flow channel (2) the hydrocarbon gas is heated to its cracking temperature, in an adjoining second, downstream flow region (22) is heated to beyond its cracking temperature and in a third, further downstream region (23) of the flow channel is heated yet further and is brought therein into physical contact, over the cross-section of said region, with a reaction accelerator, after which the stream of products downstream of the reaction accelerator is discharged from the receiver reactor (1, 30, 40), and wherein the heating of the hydrocarbon gas to above its cracking temperature is achieved by absorption of blackbody radiation (20) which is given off by the reaction accelerator heated by solar radiation (7) incident thereupon to the hydrocarbon gas flowing towards it, in such a way that the hydrocarbon gas in the flow channel (2) and extending up to the reaction accelerator forms disc-shaped, consecutive temperature zones (60 to 67) of ever-increasing temperature extending transversely to the flow channel (2).

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for producing one or more of trioxygen, hydrogen and its ions, oxygen and its ions, hydrons, hydroperoxyls, and electronically modified oxygen derivatives from oxidizing agents that are exposed to photon emissions at a wavelength in a range of 0.01 nm to 845 nm, wherein wavelengths that photo-dissociate trioxygen may be excluded. The methods, systems and apparatuses enhance the effectiveness of photo-oxidation, photocatalytic, and/or photochemical combined with photocatalytic reactions.

The invention provides a photoreactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein the photoreactor assembly (1) further comprises: a light source arrangement (1010) comprising a plurality of light sources (10) configured to generate the light source radiation (11), wherein the reactor wall (35) is configured in a radiation receiving relationship with the plurality of light sources (10); one or more fluid transport channels (7) configured in functional contact with one or more of (i) the reactor (30) and (ii) one or more of the plurality of light sources (10); a cooling system (90) configured to transport a cooling fluid (91) through the one or more fluid transport channels (7).

Compositions and methods for generating ClO.sub.2 gas are disclosed. A composition that includes a chlorite salt is activated by exposure to ultraviolet light. After an optional storage period, the composition is then exposed to moisture, resulting in the generation of ClO.sub.2 gas. Exemplary compositions include polymers in which the chlorite salt is dispersed. The polymers may be used to form films that can be used to package, e.g., food products, pharmaceutical products, medical devices, and/or laboratory devices. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light and moisture, the packaging releases controlled quantities of ClO.sub.2 gas, which may disinfect and/or deodorize the packaged device or product.