A device (10) for preactivating and dosing an actinically curable compound, in particular a polymerizable compound, is specified, comprising a dosing unit (12) for adjusting a volume flow of the curable compound, a channel (14) for guiding the curable compound to an outlet nozzle (16), and an irradiation unit (22) which emits actinic radiation for preactivating the actinically curable compound, wherein the channel (14) is radiotransparent to the actinic radiation of the irradiation unit (22) at least in a window section (15), wherein the irradiation unit (22) is assigned to the radiotransparent window section (15) of the channel (14), and wherein the device (10) has a sleeve (20) which is also at least partially made of a radiotransparent material to the actinic radiation and surrounds the channel (14) at least in the area to which the irradiation unit (22) is assigned, and wherein the device (10) has a thermally conductive holder (18) in which the channel (14) and the sleeve (20) are held, wherein the thermally conductive holder (18) circumferentially surrounds the channel (14) and the sleeve (20) and has at least one radiotransparent window (38) which is assigned to the irradiation unit (22). Furthermore, a use of the device (10) with a curable compound is specified.

Systems for the production of hydrogen and/or oxygen are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, a system can include a first chamber, a microwave source configured to radiate microwave energy into at least the first chamber, a second chamber in communication with the first chamber, and an ultraviolet light source. The second chamber includes an outlet and a waveguide, and the ultraviolet light source resides within the waveguide of the second chamber. The first chamber includes an inlet that allows an input feed to enter the first chamber, the input feed including water. The ultraviolet light source is configured to emit ultraviolet light to at least partially breakdown the water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as the water flows through the second chamber. Methods for the production of hydrogen and/or oxygen are also provided.

An apparatus includes a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat to a fluid and to absorb heat from the fluid as the fluid flows between a warm end and a cold end of a cryocooler. The heat exchanger includes at least one section having a substrate of at least one allotropic form of carbon and a layer of nanoparticles on or over the substrate. The heat exchanger could include multiple sections, and each section could include one of multiple substrates and one of multiple layers of nanoparticles. The heat exchanger can further include pores through the multiple sections of the heat exchanger, where the pores are configured to allow the fluid to flow through the heat exchanger and to contact the substrates and the layers of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles could include at least one lanthanide element or alloy, and the substrate could include carbon nanotubes or graphene.

A method for producing a reaction product employing a phases interface reaction that to efficiently bring about a reaction between a plasma-form substance (ozone, nitrogen plasma, etc.) and water or the like; a phases interface reactor; and a method for producing a secondary reaction product. The phases interface reactor that includes a reaction vessel, a plasma supply means for supplying a plasma-form substance into the reaction vessel, a water/aqueous solution supply means for supplying the reaction vessel, and an ultraviolet ray irradiation means for irradiating the plasma-form substance in the reaction vessel; said device causing the plasma-form substance and a solute contained in water or aqueous solution to react at the phases interface in a reaction vessel. Methods for producing a reaction product in which a phases interface reaction is provided, and also a secondary reaction product producing method for producing a secondary reaction product using the reaction product.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the equipment is protected from radiation and hazardous gases by equipment enclosures. The equipment enclosures may be purged with gas.

The present invention describes a photochemical hydrogenation process for heavy fractions of hydrocarbon streams where the aromatic and polyaromatic compounds present in that fraction selectively react in the presence of an alkoxide, when subjected to electromagnetic irradiation.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, while cooling equipment and the biomass to prevent overheating and possible distortion and/or degradation. The biomass is conveyed by a conveyor, which conveys the biomass under an electron beam from an electron beam accelerator. The conveyor can be cooled with cooling fluid. The conveyor can also vibrate to facilitate exposure to the electron beam. The conveyor can be configured as a trough that can be optionally cooled.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A preparation method of carboxylic acids or ketones using ozone, singlet state oxygen atom O(.sup.1D) or hydroxyl free radical is provided. The method includes: filling ozone, singlet state oxygen atom O(.sup.1D) and/or hydroxyl free radical to cycloalkanes or benzenes at a pre-determined temperature and a pre-determined pressure in the presence or absence of light irradiation to produce carboxylic acids or ketones. The reaction occurs at room temperature and atmospheric pressure without producing harmful side products. The preparation method is a simple, low energy consuming, and eco-friendly method.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.