The present invention provides a method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample, in a reaction chamber. The method comprises introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets, initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules, creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce/minimize disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample, and conveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets.

The present invention provides a microwave pyrolysis reactor (1) comprising an inner pipe element (2), a microwave distribution element (3) and a housing (4), wherein the inner pipe element (2) is made of a microwave transparent material and comprises a first open end (5) and a second open end (6); the microwave distribution element (3) is made of a material not transparent to microwaves and is arranged around the inner pipe element (2), and comprises at least one opening (8) for allowing passage of microwaves into the inner pipe element (2); the housing (4) comprises a first inner surface enclosing a first annular space (9) around the microwave distribution element (3) and a port (13) for a microwave waveguide (14) in communication with the first annular space; and wherein the microwave distribution element is in thermal conductive contact with a heat exchange system for removal of heat from the microwave pyrolysis reactor during use.

Systems and methods for eliminating carbon dioxide and capturing solid carbon are disclosed. By eliminating carbon dioxide gas, e.g., from an effluent exhaust stream of a fossil fuel fired electric power production facility, the inventive concepts presented herein represent an environmentally-clean solution that permanently eliminates greenhouse gases while at the same time producing captured solid carbon products that are useful in various applications including advanced composite material synthesis (e.g., carbon fiber, 3D graphene) and energy storage (e.g., battery technology). Capture of solid carbon during the disclosed process for eliminating greenhouse gasses avoids the inefficiencies and risks associated with conventional carbon dioxide sequestration. Colocation of the disclosed reactor with a fossil fuel fired power production facility brings to bear an environmentally beneficial, and financially viable approach for permanently capturing vast amounts of solid carbon from carbon dioxide gas and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be released into Earth's biosphere.

The invention includes a gas processing system for transforming a hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into outflow gas products, where the system includes a gas delivery subsystem, a plasma reaction chamber, and a microwave subsystem, with the gas delivery subsystem in fluid communication with the plasma reaction chamber, so that the gas delivery subsystem directs the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into the plasma reaction chamber, and the microwave subsystem directs microwave energy into the plasma reaction chamber to energize the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas, thereby forming a plasma in the plasma reaction chamber, which plasma effects the transformation of a hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into the outflow gas products, which comprise acetylene and hydrogen. The invention also includes methods for the use of the gas processing system.

The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to systems, methods, and devices for producing materials having desired characteristics using microwave plasma. In some embodiments, performing an iterative process may be used to produce a material having desired characteristics, the process comprising forming a microwave plasma within the reaction chamber, analyzing the plasma to determine if properties of the plasma are within a range expected to produce the desired characteristics of the material; and adjusting, based on the analysis of the plasma, one or more parameters. In some embodiments, an extension tube is provided within a microwave plasma apparatus to extend the length of a microwave plasma.

A method for preparing dispersant using lignin degradation products includes preparation of lignin degradation products: degrading lignin which are used as raw materials using alkali through microwave-assisted activation at the presence of a metal oxide catalyst to obtain the lignin degradation products; and preparation of dispersant: preparing dispersant by molecularly reforming and chemically modifying the lignin degradation products obtained in the step of preparation of lignin degradation products.

The invention includes a gas processing system for transforming a hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into outflow gas products, where the system includes a gas delivery subsystem, a plasma reaction chamber, and a microwave subsystem, with the gas delivery subsystem in fluid communication with the plasma reaction chamber, so that the gas delivery subsystem directs the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into the plasma reaction chamber, and the microwave subsystem directs microwave energy into the plasma reaction chamber to energize the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas, thereby forming a plasma in the plasma reaction chamber, which plasma effects the transformation of a hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into the outflow gas products, which comprise acetylene and hydrogen. The invention also includes methods for the use of this gas processing system.

The present invention discloses a new method for synthesizing a high-quality inorganic film by microwave heating, which relates to the field of preparation of inorganic materials. The method for synthesizing a high-quality inorganic film by microwave heating in the present invention allows a fine design and control of the temperature increase process during microwave heating, wherein the matrix and the synthesis solution is put into the microwave reactor at first, the temperature interval between the initial temperature and the target temperature of the synthesis solution is then divided into multiple sections, each of which sets a temperature increase rate, and then when the temperature reaches the target temperature after the designed temperature increase process, the synthesis solution reacts for a period of time at the target temperature, finally the high-quality inorganic film can be obtained after the treatment of washing and drying. The inorganic film prepared by the method of the present invention is dense and thin.

The present invention relates to a carbon fiber carbonization apparatus using a microwave. The carbon fiber carbonization apparatus using a microwave comprises: a carbonization furnace into which the microwave is irradiated from an irradiation part disposed at one side thereof; a moving tube through which a carbon fiber moves along the inside thereof and which is mounted to pass through the carbonization furnace; and a heating element coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the moving tube to absorb the microwave so as to generate heat. A portion of the moving tube is covered by the heating element at the position, but a remaining portion is exposed at a position at which the heating element is coupled to the moving tube.

A solid state combinatorial synthesis of particulate diamond ranging in size from the macroscopic down to the nanoscale, which entails: a) forming a solution having a source of reactant atoms, a tetrahedranoidal compound reactant, and a solvent vehicle; b) forming liquid droplets of the solution; c) evaporating the solvent vehicle from the liquid droplets of the solution to form particles containing a homogenous solid mixture of the reactants; and d) exposing the particles of the homogeneous solid mixture to a high energy discharge thereby forming diamond particles.