Apparatuses and methods are provided for applying radio frequency (RF) energy from a source of electromagnetic energy to an object in an energy application zone. At least one processor may be configured to acquire information indicative of electromagnetic energy loss associated with at least a portion of the energy application zone. The processor may be further configured to determine a weight to be applied to each of a plurality of electromagnetic field patterns each having a known electromagnetic field intensity distribution and cause the source to supply each of the plurality of electromagnetic field patterns to the energy application zone at the determined weights.

An instrument and method for accelerating the solid phase synthesis of peptides are disclosed. The method includes the steps of deprotecting a protected first amino acid linked to a solid phase resin by admixing the protected linked acid with a deprotecting solution in a microwave transparent vessel while irradiating the admixed acid and solution with microwaves, activating a second amino acid, coupling the second amino acid to the first acid while irradiating the composition in the same vessel with microwaves, and cleaving the linked peptide from the solid phase resin by admixing the linked peptide with a cleaving composition in the same vessel while irradiating the composition with microwaves.

There is disclosed is a microwave reactor system for generating a microwave field within a microwave-stimulated conversion zone for effectuating dielectric heating of catalyst material, for catalyzing a reactive process by the heated catalyst material.

A stirrer includes a magnetic bar and a microwave absorbing layer around the magnetic bar. The stirrer absorbs a microwave and converts the microwave to thermal energy to heat the mixed solution reactant.

System and methods for plasma treatment of a fluidized bed of particles are disclosed. The systems include an energy coupling zone configured to generate a plasma from microwave radiation and an interface element configured to propagate the plasma from the energy coupling zone to a reaction zone. The reaction zone is configured to receive the plasma, receive a plurality of reactant particles in a fluidization plane direction from a fluidization assembly positioned below the reaction zone, and form a product in presence of the plasma. The fluidization plane is substantially perpendicular to the propagated plasma.

Systems for the production of hydrogen and/or oxygen are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, a system can include a first chamber, a microwave source configured to radiate microwave energy into at least the first chamber, a second chamber in communication with the first chamber, and an ultraviolet light source. The second chamber includes an outlet and a waveguide, and the ultraviolet light source resides within the waveguide of the second chamber. The first chamber includes an inlet that allows an input feed to enter the first chamber, the input feed including water. The ultraviolet light source is configured to emit ultraviolet light to at least partially breakdown the water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as the water flows through the second chamber. Methods for the production of hydrogen and/or oxygen are also provided.

An industrial microwave ultrasonic reactor has an inner wall liner. A microwave generation device is formed by microwave units distributed on an outer sidewall, or by a microwave pipe disposed outside the reactor and microwave units distributed on the microwave pipe. One end of the microwave pipe communicates with the bottom of the reactor via a connection pipe I, and the other end communicates with the top via a return pipe. A shield is disposed outside the microwave generation device to separate the microwave units from the outside, and a heat removal device is disposed outside the shield. An ultrasonic wave generation device is formed by 10 to 30 sets of ultrasonic pulse units disposed at intervals along the outer sidewall. Each set has 10 to 50 members distributed along the circumferential direction of the reactor. A stirring shaft is fixed below a stirring motor and extends into the reactor.

A controllable, continuous-feed system and process for the reduction or depolymerization of organic materials using microwave energy in a reducing, substantially oxygen-reduced atmosphere. The microwave energy is generated by a plurality of magnetrons in a microwave tunnel. Gaseous products may be extracted from the microwave tunnel for recycling and/or analysis. A collector such as a liquid trap may be used to separately collect floating and sinking constituents of the solid products while preventing the escape of the reducing atmosphere from the system.

Disclosed is a microwave irradiating and heating device including a reaction furnace (1) for containing a sample material to be irradiated with microwave and to be heated, a lid (2) provided for the reaction furnace (1) and having a single hole (21), a microwave irradiating source (3) for emitting a microwave, the microwave irradiating source (3) being disposed outside the reaction furnace, and a rotated quadric surface mirror (4) for reflecting the microwave emitted from the microwave irradiating source (3) into the reaction furnace (1) through the hole (21) of the lid (2), the rotated quadric surface mirror (4) being disposed above the reaction furnace (1).

A method for conversion of greenhouse gases comprises: introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel; and irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy. The irradiated catalytic material is heated and catalyzes an endothermic reaction of carbon dioxide and methane that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. At least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy. If desired, a mixture that includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen can flow out of the reaction vessel and be introduced into a second reaction vessel to undergo catalyzed reactions producing multiple-carbon reaction products.