The present invention provides a method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample, in a reaction chamber. The method comprises introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets, initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules, creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce/minimize disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample, and conveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets.

A method for the infrared-light-induced yield optimization of chemical reactions is provided. An energy input into at least one starting material that is subjected to a chemical reaction takes place by means of infrared light pulses having a mean wavelength in the range of 2000 to 100000 nm. The chemical reaction here is a reaction in which a product, the molecular formula of which does not correspond to the molecular formula of the starting material, is formed and wherein the yield optimization for the most part is not based on a thermal heating of the starting material. The infrared light pulses have a fixed wavelength and the energy input into the starting material takes place by means of vibration excitation by a one-photon process.

An apparatus for carrying out chemical reactions is provided. The apparatus comprises a first reactor/reaction zone for carrying out a first chemical reaction and a second reactor/reaction zone for carrying out a second chemical reaction. Each reactor/reaction zone comprises: a) an inner surface and an outer surface which are spaced apart from each other to define a reaction volume configured such that, in use, a respective chemical reaction takes place in the reaction volume, and wherein the inner surface and outer surface are configured for relative rotation with respect to each other, (b) an inlet for introduction of a reagent to the reaction volume, and (b) an outlet through which a reaction product can leave the reaction volume. The reaction products of the first reactor/reaction zone comprise reagents of the second reactor/reaction zone.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

The present invention provides a “living” radical polymerization method for a vinyl monomer by near-infrared photothermal conversion. The method comprises irradiating a reactor with near-infrared light of 750-850 nm, wherein the reactor has a first chamber and a second chamber that are isolated from each other, the first chamber contains an organic solution of a near-infrared light responsive croconaine dye, and the second chamber is provided with a closed reaction flask containing a reaction solution, the reaction solution comprises a vinyl monomer, two or more of an ATRP initiator, an ATRP ligand, an ATRP catalyst, an RAFT reagent, a thermal initiator, and an additive, and an organic solvent; and the near-infrared light responsive dye converts the near-infrared light into heat energy, by which the reactor is heated to 50-100° C. to polymerize the monomer in the reaction solution, to obtain polymers with controlled molecular weights and molecular weight distributions.

A gas fired radiant emitter comprises a burner deck onto which premix gas is combusted when the emitter is in use; and a metal plate provided at the combustion side of the burner deck. The metal plate is provided to act as radiant screen when the emitter is in use. The metal plate is at least over part of its surface spaced from the burner deck. The metal plate comprises a plurality of elongated slots for passage through the metal plate of flue gas generated on the burner deck. The plurality of elongated slots comprise a first elongated slot. The first elongated slot has a first tangent along a position along the length of the first elongated slot. The plurality of elongated slots comprise a second elongated slot. The second elongated slot has a second tangent along a position along the length of the second elongated slot. The angle between the first tangent and the second tangent is between 45° and 135°.

The present, disclosure relates generally to reactor cells comprising an enclosure and one or more plasmonic photocatalysts on a catalyst support disposed within the enclosure. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the enclosure is at least partially optically transparent.

The present disclosure relates generally to reactor systems that include (a) a housing having an interior surface that may be at least partially reflective, (b) at least one reactor cell disposed within an interior of the housing, the at least one reactor cell including an enclosure and a plasmonic photocatalyst on a catalyst support disposed within the at least one enclosure, where the enclosure is optically transparent and includes at least one input for a reactant to enter the at least one cell and at least one output for a reformate to exit the at least one cell and (c) at least one light source disposed within the interior of the housing and/or external to the housing.

Methods for regulating and continuously monitoring a chemical synthesis reaction using micro-objects and electro-magnetic radiation include introducing micro-objects to a reaction mixture, determining a plasmon resonance of the micro-object based on a characteristic of the micro-object, and applying electro-magnetic radiation that is wavelength-matched to the plasmon resonance of the micro-object.

A semiconductor quantum dot is provided with a non-metallic substrate, and has a particle size ranged from 0.3 to 100 nm. A method of carrying out a chemical reaction or a photoluminescence reaction by using the semiconductor quantum dot is also provided. A redox reaction of a target sample is carried out, an active substance is generated, or an electron-hole pair is produced from the semiconductor quantum dot by providing the semiconductor quantum dot with a predetermined energy. Photons are released by the combination of the electron-hole pair so as to perform the photoluminescence reaction.