An organic compound refinement method for refining a specific organic compound which is a target compound from at least two types of organic compounds. The method includes separating the target compound from an organic compound other than the target compound while the at least two types of organic compounds are irradiated with light at an infrared absorption wavelength of a specific functional group that is not contained in the target compound but is contained in the organic compound other than the target compound, or separating the target compound from an organic compound other than the target compound while the at least two types of organic compounds are irradiated with light at an infrared absorption wavelength of a specific functional group that is contained in the target compound but is not contained in the organic compound other than the target compound.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

The invention relates to a method for producing hydrogen in a liquid and to a device for implementing the method characterized in that suspension 1.2 of graphene particles in the liquid is provided to reaction tank 1.1, and then the contents of the reaction tank are exposed to an electromagnetic radiation beam with a wavelength in the UV-VIS-FIR light wave range, which radiation is generated by emitter 1.5, after which the hydrogen liberated from the liquid is transferred through vent 7 outside the reaction tank.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

A semiconductor quantum dot is provided with a non-metallic substrate, and has a particle size ranged from 0.3 to 100 nm. A method of carrying out a chemical reaction or a photoluminescence reaction by using the semiconductor quantum dot is also provided. A redox reaction of a target sample is carried out, an active substance is generated, or an electron-hole pair is produced from the semiconductor quantum dot by providing the semiconductor quantum dot with a predetermined energy. Photons are released by the combination of the electron-hole pair so as to perform the photoluminescence reaction.

An arrangement for producing a bulk material consisting substantially of foamed or blown mineral or oxide particles by thermal treatment of a bulk material of basic particles. The arrangement includes NIR halogen radiators for generating a NIR radiation field of radiation with an active component in a near infrared, NIR, range having a wavelength in a range between 0.8 m and 1.5 m and which has a power density of at least 50 kW/m.sup.2 for thermally treating the basic particles, a conveying device for transporting a layer or stream of the bed of basic particles through the radiation field, and a controller that controls heating of the bed of basic particles such that a maximum temperature in the layer or stream is in a temperature range between 600 and 1500 C.

The present, disclosure relates generally to reactor cells comprising an enclosure and one or more plasmonic photocatalysts on a catalyst support disposed within the enclosure. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the enclosure is at least partially optically transparent.

The present disclosure relates generally to reactor systems that include (a) a housing having an interior surface that may be at least partially reflective, (b) at least one reactor cell disposed within an interior of the housing, the at least one reactor cell including an enclosure and a plasmonic photocatalyst on a catalyst support disposed within the at least one enclosure, where the enclosure is optically transparent and includes at least one input for a reactant to enter the at least one cell and at least one output for a reformate to exit the at least one cell and (c) at least one light source disposed within the interior of the housing and/or external to the housing.

It is a subject of the present invention to provide a base generator which has high solubility to general-purpose organic solvents, can dissolve directly into a base-reactive compound, such as an epoxy-based compound, further is provided with both performance of high heat resistance and low nucleophilicity, and generates a strong base, a base-reactive composition comprising the base generator and a base-reactive compound, as well as a method for generating a base, etc.

The present invention relates to a compound represented by the general formula (A), a base generator comprising the compound, a base-reactive composition which comprises the base generator and a base-reactive compound, as well as a method for generating a base, etc.

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(wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group; an aryl group which may have a substituent; or an arylalkyl group which may have a substituent, R.sup.6 represents a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group which may have a substituent; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; an aryl group which may have a substituent; or an arylalkyl group which may have a substituent, R.sup.7 represents a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group which may have an amino group; an aryl group which may have a substituent; or an arylalkyl group which may have a substituent, and Z.sup. represents an anion derived from a carboxylic acid having a specific structure.)

A hybrid twin process uses an independent mechanical destructive process and an illumination process to change of state of weed seeds to having reduced germination viability by illuminating a seed with at least one of 2 J/cm.sup.2 cumulative illumination energy, and 0.2 W/cm.sup.2 irradiance, but no more than 7 W/cm.sup.2 average irradiance, of at least one of an Indigo Region Illumination Distribution (IRID), and infrared radiation that is substantially Medium Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) radiation, preferably 2-8 microns. The process can be incorporated into a harvester combine to convert a tailings flow prior to discharge on an agricultural field. For the mechanical destructive process, high required applied energy, noise, wear, and difficulty treating impact-resistant seeds are avoided by modifying a driven load flow via increased capability of exposure to illumination and underdriving the mechanical destructive process. This can include randomization, rarefaction and enhanced circulation.