The invention provides a photoreactor assembly (1000) comprising a reactor (200) and a light source arrangement (1010): wherein: the light source arrangement (1010) comprises a plurality of light sources (10) configured to generate light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein each light source (10) comprises a light emitting surface (12): the reactor (200) is configured for hosting a fluid (5) to be treated with the light source radiation (11), wherein the reactor (200) comprises one or more reactor walls (210), wherein at least one of the one or more reactor walls (210) defines wall cavities (220) and is configured in a radiation receiving relationship with the plurality of light sources (10); wherein the at least one of the one or more reactor walls (210) is transmissive for the light source radiation (11); wherein one or more of the light sources (10) are at least partly configured in the wall cavities (220) whereby the light emitting surfaces (12) are within the wall cavities (220) and the at least one of the one or more reactor walls (210) at least partly encloses the light emitting surfaces (12).

A reactor cell assembly having an annular volume, a top endcap fitting having a reactant gas inlet, a bottom compression endcap fitting having a product gas outlet, a photocatalyst packed bed positioned in the annular volume, a porous base filter to position the photocatalyst packed bed in the annular volume, and a light housing. At least one of an outer portion and an inner portion of the light housing comprises a circumferential array of photon emitters arranged to uniformly emit photons incident on the photocatalyst packed bed to activate continuous photo-induced gas-phase reactions as at least one gaseous reactant introduced via the gas inlet flows through the photocatalyst packed bed and at least one resultant gaseous product exits via the gas outlet.

A system and method are provided for the separation of hydrogen from natural gas feedstock to form hydrocarbon radicals. Aspects of the system include perpendicular magnetic and electric fields, a method of radical formation that separates hydrogen from the reaction process, and a separation method based on centrifugal forces and phase transitions. The gases rotate in the chamber due to the Lorentz force without any mechanical motion. Rotation separates gases and liquids by centrifugal force. The lighter species are collected from the mid region endpoint of the apparatus and fed back for further reaction. A new concept of controlled turbulence is introduced to mix various species. A novel magnetic field device is introduced comprised of two specially magnetized cylinders. A novel control of temperatures, pressures, electron densities and profiles by, RF, microwaves, UV and rotation frequency are possible especially when atomic, molecular, cyclotron resonances are taken into account. The electrodes can be coated with catalysts; the entire apparatus can be used as a new type of chemical reactor.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

A method of promoting a chemical reaction includes immersing a device in a solution contained in a reaction chamber, the device including a substrate and a plurality of conductive projections supported by the substrate, each conductive projection of the plurality of conductive projections having a semiconductor composition, irradiating the device to drive the chemical reaction, and controlling a temperature of the solution contained in the reaction chamber such that the temperature is maintained in a temperature range closer to a boiling temperature of the solution than a freezing temperature of the solution

Process for preventing the formation of hydrates in fluids containing gas or gas condensate, which comprises subjecting said fluids to electromagnetic waves operating in the visible and infrared spectrum region, comprised in the ? band from equal to greater than 500 nm to less than 1 mm (from greater than 300 GHz to less than or equal to 600 THz), reducing or preventing the formation of hydrates.

A technology for curing a photocurable resin composition by ultraviolet ray/infrared ray hybrid irradiation is provided. An infrared ray irradiation is applied at least one of before or after the application of ultraviolet ray irradiation to a photocurable resin composition, from which volatile components have been removed by a heating process, to have the photocurable resin composition cured.

It becomes possible to relax the ultraviolet ray irradiation conditions for photo curing by applying an infrared ray irradiation as compared with the case in which the infrared ray irradiation is not applied, and, in particular, the scratch resistance characteristics of a cured film are significantly enhanced. Moreover, because of a combination of ultraviolet ray irradiation and infrared ray irradiation, the curing time period of a cured film can be reduced and/or stress relaxation effects can be produced. Besides, it becomes possible to control the reflectance of a cured film by varying an irradiation amount of infrared ray.

A combined catalyst and catalyst support comprising: a nanostructured solar selective support to which at least one catalyst is affixed; the catalyst comprising at least one material that activates chemical reactions that produce fuels; the nanostructured solar selective support comprising material that is highly absorbing over a portion of the solar spectrum and exhibits low emissivity toward thermal radiation and/or has a surface textured to lower emissivity; the combined catalyst and catalyst support exhibiting at least one of a photochemical effect and a photothermal effect; wherein these effects cause the chemical reaction rates to increase with exposure to an increasing number of incident photons within the solar spectrum.

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

A fuel activation and energy release apparatus is provided for increasing energy output of a fluid substance. The apparatus comprises a fluidly sealable reactor chamber, adapted to withstand a predetermined fluid pressure and temperature; a fluid injection port, adapted to provide a one-way fluid communication from an external fluid reservoir to said reactor chamber; a fluid ejection port, adapted to provide a one-way fluid communication from said reactor chamber to an external region, so as to controllably release said fluid substance from said reactor chamber and at least one first electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveguide. The first EMR waveguide having a first waveguide input port and a first waveguide output port, operably coupled within said reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined first wavelength to a fluid substance injected into said reactor chamber.