A method can include incorporating graphene oxide (GO) in a solution, reducing the graphene oxide (GO) by refluxing carbon nitride (C.sub.3N.sub.4) in the solution to form carbon-nitride refluxed-graphene-oxide (C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO) composites, and incorporating ruthenium ions into the C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO composites to form C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO-Ru complexes.

A process for producing a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst according to the present invention comprises a step of calcining a carrier precursor containing silica calcined at a temperature T.sub.1 and a zirconium compound at a temperature T.sub.2 to obtain a carrier; and a step of calcining a catalyst precursor containing the carrier and a cobalt compound and/or a ruthenium compound at a temperature T.sub.3, wherein the content of the zirconium compound in the carrier precursor is 0.01 to 7% by mass in terms of zirconium oxide based on the total mass of the catalyst, and T.sub.1, T.sub.2, and T.sub.3 satisfy conditions represented by expressions (1) to (3):
T.sub.1≧T.sub.3  (1)
250° C.≦T.sub.2≦450° C.  (2)
250° C.≦T.sub.3≦450° C.  (3).

A method can include incorporating graphene oxide (GO) in a solution, reducing the graphene oxide (GO) by refluxing carbon nitride (C.sub.3N.sub.4) in the solution to form carbon-nitride refluxed-graphene-oxide (C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO) composites, and incorporating ruthenium ions into the C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO composites to form C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO-Ru complexes.

A catalyst, including: a transition metal; and an organic solvent. The transition metal is dispersed in the organic solvent in the form of monodisperse nanoparticles; the transition metal has a grain size of between 1 and 100 nm; and the catalyst has a specific surface area of 5 and 300 m.sup.2/g. The invention also provides a method for preparing a catalyst, including: 1) dissolving an organic salt of a transition metal in an organic solvent including a polyhydric alcohol, to yield a mixture; and 2) heating and stirring the mixture in the presence of air or inert gas, holding the mixture at the temperature of between 150 and 250° C. for between 30 and 240 min, to yield the catalyst.

Catalyst for hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclobutanediketone compound is provided, which includes a support and VIIIB group transition metal loaded thereon. The support includes a first oxide powder with a surface wrapped by a second oxide. The first oxide includes silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, or a combination thereof. The second oxide has a composition of M.sub.xAl.sub.(1-x)O.sub.(3-x)/2, M is alkaline earth metal, and x is from 0.3 to 0.7.

The invention relates to a process for manufacturing 2,3-butanediol by hydrogenation of acetoin using a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst and under conditions leading to a selectivity higher than 90%. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of no solvent or in the presence of a solvent like water or 2,3-butanediol.

A lean gasoline exhaust treatment catalyst article is provided, the article comprising a catalytic material applied on a substrate, wherein the catalytic material comprises a first composition and a second composition, wherein the first and second compositions are present in a layered or zoned configuration, the first composition comprising palladium impregnated onto a porous refractory metal oxide material and rhodium impregnated onto a porous refractory metal oxide material; and the second composition comprising platinum impregnated onto a porous refractory metal oxide material. Methods of making and using such catalyst articles and the associated compositions and systems employing such catalyst articles are also described.

A calcium ruthenate composition of matter includes a compound of calcium, ruthenium and oxygen with a chemical formula of Ca.sub.aRu.sub.bO.sub.c and with ‘a’ greater than or equal to 2.75 and less than or equal to 3.25, ‘b’ greater than or equal to 0.75 and less than or equal to 1.25, and ‘c’ greater than or equal to 5.75 and less than or equal to 6.25. The Ca.sub.aRu.sub.bO.sub.c is an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst, an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst, and/or a catalyst for the hydrolysis of a hydrogen containing compound.

A method including collecting exhaust gas comprising carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) at a wellsite to provide a collected exhaust gas, separating CO.sub.2 from the collected exhaust gas to provide a separated CO.sub.2, and forming an alcohol product utilizing at least a portion of the separated CO.sub.2. The alcohol product can include methanol, ethanol, a precursor thereof, or a combination thereof.

This disclosure relates to the production of xylenes from syngas, in which the syngas is converted to an aromatic product by reaction with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and an aromatization catalyst. The Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and aromatization catalyst may be different catalysts or combined into a single catalyst. The aromatic product is then subjected to selective alkylation with methanol and/or carbon monoxide and hydrogen to increase its p-xylene content.