This disclosure provides a new approach for bio-oil upgrading using methane as reductant instead of hydrogen. Guaiacol, produced by thermal degradation of lignin, represents a model compound for upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oils by deoxygenation. To overcome the high cost of H.sub.2, methane is used to deoxygenate guaiacol. On Pt/C catalyst, in terms of guaiacol conversion and product distribution, methane is found to exhibit comparable deoxygenation performance as H.sub.2. Its lifetime, however, is lower (<3 hrs). In one embodiment, the lifetime of PtBi/C catalyst is extended by addition of bismuth as a promoter.

A method for producing a hydrofluoroolefin is provided. The formation of by-products of an over-reduced product having hydrogen added to a material chlorofluoroolefin and an over-reduced product having not only chlorine atoms but also fluorine atoms in the chlorofluoroolefin replaced with hydrogen atoms is suppressed in the method. The method includes reacting a specific chlorofluoroolefin with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst supported on a carrier to obtain the hydrofluoroolefin. The catalyst is a catalyst composed of an alloy containing at least one platinum group element of palladium and platinum, and at least one second element of manganese, copper, aluminum, gold, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

A catalyst comprising a Group IIIA metal, a Group VIII noble metal, and an optional promoter metal, on a support selected from silica, alumina, silica-alumina compositions, rare earth modified alumina, and combinations thereof, doped with iron, a Group VIB metal, a Group VB metal, or a combination thereof, offers decreased reactivation time under air soak in comparison with otherwise identical catalysts. Reducing reactivation time may, in turn, reduce costs, both in inventory and capital.

A CO slip catalyst, for treating an exhaust gas from a lean burn internal combustion engine, is disclosed. The CO slip catalyst comprises palladium and a ceria-containing material. The invention also includes a method for oxidizing excess CO in an exhaust gas, wherein the excess CO results from the periodic contact of an upstream catalyst under rich exhaust conditions. The method comprises contacting the excess CO in the exhaust gas with a CO slip catalyst at a temperature in the range of 100 to 700 C.

To provide a method for producing a hydrofluoroolefin, wherein formation of an over-reduced product having hydrogen added to a material chlorofluoroolefin and an over-reduced product having not only chlorine atoms but also fluorine atoms in the chlorofluoroolefin replaced with hydrogen atoms, as by-products, is suppressed.

A method for producing a hydrofluoroolefin, which comprises reacting a specific chlorofluoroolefin with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst supported on a carrier, to obtain a specific hydrofluoroolefin, wherein the catalyst is a catalyst composed of an alloy containing at least one platinum group element selected from the group consisting of palladium and platinum, and at least one second element selected from the group consisting of manganese, copper, aluminum, gold, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.

A catalyst composition for preparing o-phenylphenol is provided. The catalyst composition includes a carrier; and a first active metal, a second active metal, and a catalytic promoter carried by the carrier. The first active metal is platinum, and the second active metal is selected from the first, second and third rows of transition metals of groups VIB and VIIIB. The present disclosure utilizes the carrier to carry the first active metal, the second active metal and the catalytic promoter so as to increase the selectivity of o-phenylphenol and the service life of a catalyst.

A catalyst composition for preparing o-phenylphenol is provided. The catalyst composition includes a carrier; and a first active metal, a second active metal, and a catalytic promoter carried by the carrier. The first active metal is platinum, and the second active metal is selected from the first, second and third rows of transition metals of groups VIB and VIIIB. The present disclosure utilizes the carrier to carry the first active metal, the second active metal and the catalytic promoter so as to increase the selectivity of o-phenylphenol and the service life of a catalyst.

A method of preparing M-NC catalysts utilizing a sacrificial support approach and inexpensive and readily available polymer precursors as the source of nitrogen and carbon is disclosed. Exemplary polymer precursors include non-porphyrin precursors with no initial catalytic activity. Examples of suitable non-catalytic non-porphyrin precursors include, but are not necessarily limited to low molecular weight precursors that form complexes with iron such as 4-aminoantipirine, phenylenediamine, hydroxysuccinimide, ethanolamine, and the like.

A preparation method of a monometallic or bimetallic nanoparticle-supported catalyst is disclosed. The synthesis of metal nanoparticles with different shapes, sizes, and atomic structures is affected by nucleation and growth rates. By changing a ratio of strong and weak reducing agents, a suitable double reducing agent is provided for metal nanoparticles with different reduction potentials, where the strong reducing agent is used for rapid nucleation and the weak reducing agent is used for the growth of metal nanoparticles. Accordingly, modulation and control of the nucleation and growth rates can be realized during the synthesis of nanoparticles. In addition, through multiple actions of a combination of reducing agents with different reduction intensities, monometallic/bimetallic nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes, and atomic structures are controllably prepared, which are then supported with a carrier to obtain the monometallic or bimetallic nanoparticle-supported catalyst.