A supported catalyst has a support and a metal active component disposed on the support. The metal active component is at least one selected from the group consisting of a Group VIB metal element and a Group VIII metal element. The support contains at least one of heat-resistant inorganic oxides and molecular sieves and includes an internal channel penetrating the support. The ratio of the cross-section area of the channel to the cross-section area of the support is 0.05-3:100. The difference R between the water absorption rate and the BET pore volume of the support is not less than 0.2 mL/g. The supported catalyst can be used as a hydrogenation catalyst. When used in the hydrocracking of hydrocarbon oils, it can achieve high catalytic activity and high yield of jet fuels at the same time. The supported catalyst can also be used as a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst.

Provided herein are systems containing a solar reactor having a mixture of plasmonic material and oxygen-conducting material that can convert carbon dioxide into a chemical feedstock.

An exhaust gas purification catalyst includes: a first catalyst unit that consists of a hydrogen generating catalyst including a noble metal and an oxide that contains lanthanum, zirconium and an additional element such as neodymium; a second catalyst unit that consists of an oxygen storage/release material and a perovskite oxide disposed in contact with the oxygen storage/release material and represented by the general formula La.sub.xM1.sub.1-xM2O.sub.3-δ, where La is lanthanum, M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca), M2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), x satisfies 0<x≦1, and δ satisfies 0≦δ≦1; and a holding material that holds the first catalyst unit and the second catalyst unit in a mutually separated state.

A new method can be used for producing suitable improved carrier materials as a base material for catalysts for carrying out a direct oxidative esterification. In general, the catalyst is used to convert aldehydes with alcohols in the presence of oxygenic gases directly to the corresponding ester, for example, where (meth)acrolein can be converted to methyl(meth)acrylate. The catalysts used are characterized in particular by high mechanical and chemical stability as well as by good catalytic performance even over very long periods of time. This applies in particular to an improvement of catalyst service life, activity and selectivity in comparison to other catalysts.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to an oxygen-deficient mixed metal perovskite having the formula Sr.sub.xA.sub.1-xFe.sub.yB.sub.1-yO.sub.3-δ, wherein A can be Ca, K, Y, Ba, La, Sm, or any combination thereof; wherein B can be Co, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ni, Ti, or any combination thereof; wherein x is from 0 to 1; wherein y is from 0 to 1; and wherein δ is from 0 to 0.7. Also disclosed are redox catalysts comprising the oxygen-deficient mixed metal perovskites and methods for chemical looping air separation, chemical looping CO.sub.2 splitting, and chemical looping alkane conversion using the disclosed catalysts.

A catalyst composition suitable for the ethanol reforming process at low temperature with enhanced stability on long term, comprises a noble metal, such as platinum or rhodium, and a transition non-noble metal, such as nickel or cobalt, supported by a carrier comprising, cerium, zirconium, optionally aluminium, supplemented with potassium. It is provided also a method for the stable production of hydrogen from an ethanol containing gas stream, comprising subjecting the gas stream to catalytic ethanol reforming as to form a rich H2 stream, using the catalyst as defined above.

A modified catalyst support is described in the form of titan ia particles with a volume-median diameter in the range 100 to 1000 μm modified with one or more refractory oxides of metals selected from the group consisting of zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and neodymium, wherein the total refractory oxide content of the modified catalyst support is in the range of 0.1 to 15% by weight, and the modified catalyst support has a pore volume in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 cm.sup.3/g and an average pore diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm. The modified catalyst support may be used to prepare cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts suitable for use in fixed bed processes.

The present disclosure provides perovskite catalytic materials and catalysts comprising platinum-group metals and perovskites. These catalysts may be used as oxygen storage materials with automotive applications, such as three-way catalysts. They are also useful for water or CO.sub.2 reduction, or thermochemical energy storage.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are novel nickel-ruthenium-magnesium oxide catalyst compositions and methods of making and using the same. The catalysts provide for improved methanation activity of syngas (CO+H.sub.2) and producer gas in, for example, a fixed-bed reactor. In this manner, the CO conversion and CH.sub.4 yield can be maximized in methanation reactions.

Catalysts for NH.sub.3 cracking and/or synthesis generally include barium calcium aluminum oxide compounds decorated with ruthenium, cobalt, or both. These catalysts can be bonded to a metal structure, which improves thermal conductivity and gas conductance.