The present disclosure generally relates to a silver-based epoxidation catalyst. In certain embodiments, a method is provided for modulating the reactivity of the silver-based epoxidation catalyst, comprising the catalyst being post-treated with at least two different salt solutions. In some embodiments, the treatment results in the deposition of one or more metals onto the surface of the catalyst. In further embodiments, method is also provided of using the silver catalyst to generate an epoxide from an olefin.

A process for the preparation of an F-T catalyst in which the presence of alkaline earth metals is minimized in the support itself and in the processing conditions, in order to provide a catalyst with an alkaline earth metal content of less than 2000 ppm.

A method for making a catalyst comprises providing an initial compound having a perovskite lattice structure according to formula I

M.sup.1M.sup.2M.sup.3O.sub.3 FORMULA I,

where M.sup.1 is about 1 relative elemental ratio strontium (Sr); M.sup.2 is from greater than 0 to 0.7 relative elemental ratio and is selected from cobalt (Co), scandium (Sc), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and titanium (Ti); and M.sup.3 is 0.3 to 0.6 relative elemental ratio iridium (Ir). Initial exemplary compounds include SrSc.sub.0.5Ir.sub.0.5O.sub.3 (SSI) and SrCo.sub.0.5Ir.sub.0.5O.sub.3 (SCI). M.sup.1 and/or M.sup.2 cations are selectively leached from the initial compound to produce a catalyst having substantially increased catalytic performance. Cycling SSI or SCI in an acid produces SSI-H or SCI-H; cycling SSI or SCI in a base produces SSI-OH or SCI-OH. Dual-site metal leaching induced catalytic activity improvement by about 2 orders of magnitude, making reconstructed SrCo.sub.0.5Ir.sub.0.5O.sub.3 among the best-known catalysts for water oxidation in an acidic condition.

Provided is a reactor device in which a fixed bed multi-tubular reactor is used to produce alkenyl acetate through a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of a lower olefin, acetic acid, and oxygen, and which enables accurate measurement of the temperature of a catalyst layer in a reaction tube even when a process operation has been carried out for a long time. A fixed bed multi-tubular reactor for producing alkenyl acetate, wherein the fixed bed multi-tubular reactor is equipped with a plurality of reaction tubes to which a raw material gas and a mist of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal acetate are supplied from the upper portion of the fixed bed multi-tubular reactor, a thermometer protection tube inserted into at least one of the plurality of reaction tubes from the lower portion of the fixed bed multi-tubular reactor, and a thermometer inserted into the thermometer protection tube.

A process for vapor-phase carbonylation of methanol to methyl formate, whereby a feed gas containing methanol, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and oxygen is passed through a reactor loaded with a supported nano-scaled platinum group metal heterogeneous catalyst to produce methyl formate by a vapor-phase carbonylation reaction, under reaction conditions with a space velocity of 500-5000 h.sup.1, a temperature of 50-150 C. and a pressure of 0.01-2 MPa. Supported nano-scaled platinum group metal heterogeneous catalysts are prepared via ultrasonic dispersion and calcination. Methyl formate is produced and isolated under relatively mild conditions.

The present invention refers to a process for converting a feed gas stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen as major components (synthesis gas) into higher (C.sub.3+) alcohols making use of a catalyst combination of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and an olefin hydroformylation catalyst. In a second aspect, the invention relates to a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst suitable to be applied in said process.

An exhaust gas purification catalyst includes: a first catalyst unit that consists of a hydrogen generating catalyst including a noble metal and an oxide that contains lanthanum, zirconium and an additional element such as neodymium; a second catalyst unit that consists of an oxygen storage/release material and a perovskite oxide disposed in contact with the oxygen storage/release material and represented by the general formula La.sub.xM1.sub.1-xM2O.sub.3-, where La is lanthanum, M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca), M2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), x satisfies 0<x1, and satisfies 01; and a holding material that holds the first catalyst unit and the second catalyst unit in a mutually separated state.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. A catalytic system comprises two catalysts in series that are operated in tandem to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as drop-in fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to processes for production of ammonia and hydrogen under low reaction severity using as reactants nitrogen and at least one C1-C4 hydrocarbon, e.g., methane. The disclosed processes are carried out using a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a metal selected from Group 7, Group 8, Group 9, Group 10, Group 11, and combinations thereof; wherein the metal is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the heterogeneous catalyst; and a metal oxide support. The processes can be carried out at about ambient pressure and at a heterogeneous catalyst temperature of from about 50 C. to about 250 C. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

The invention relates to a four-component catalyst and a seven-component catalyst and refractory supports for use in the thermoneutral reforming of petroleum-based liquid hydrocarbon fuels.