There are provided methods for the valorization of carbohydrates. The methods comprise reacting a fluid comprising at least one carbohydrate with at least one metal catalyst or at least one metal catalytic system in a fluidized bed reactor so as to obtain at least one organic acid or a derivative thereof.

Synergized Platinum Group Metals (SPGM) catalyst system for TWC application is disclosed. Disclosed SPGM catalyst system may include a washcoat that includes stoichiometric CuMn spinel structure, supported on doped ZrO.sub.2, and an overcoat that includes PGM, such as platinum (Pt) supported on carrier material oxides, such as alumina. SPGM catalyst system shows significant improvement in nitrogen oxide reduction performance under lean and also rich operating conditions. Additionally, disclosed SPGM catalyst system exhibits enhanced catalytic activity for carbon monoxide conversion. Furthermore, disclosed SPGM catalyst systems are found to have enhanced catalytic activity compared to PGM catalyst system, showing that there is a synergistic effect between PGM catalyst, such as Pt, and CuMn spinel within disclosed SPGM catalyst system, which help in activity and thermal stability of disclosed SPGM catalyst.

The present invention provides a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising greater than about 40% by weight of cobalt, and having a packed apparent bulk density greater than about 1.30 g/mL.

Provided is a catalyst composition using other metals different from noble metals as a catalytic activity component and which has an excellent catalytic activity even after a thermal duration treatment. Provided are an exhaust gas purifying catalyst composition which includes ceria-zirconia particles with a feature in that a peak arising from (111) plane is divided into two peak tops in an XRD pattern and in which a transition metal including at least one of Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, and Ag is supported on the ceria-zirconia particles, and a catalyst using the exhaust gas purifying catalyst composition.

The present invention relates to the field of catalytic cracking, and discloses a catalyst with regular structure capable of simultaneously reducing the emission of SOx and NOx and a preparation method thereof, and a method for simultaneously reducing both SOx and NOx from flue gas, the catalyst comprises a support with regular structure and an active component coating distributed on the inner surface and/or the outer surface of the support with regular structure, the active metal component contains: 1) as oxide, 50-95 wt % of metal component(s) selected from Group rare earth and/or Group IIA; 2) as oxide, 5-50 wt % of non-precious metal component(s) selected from Groups VB, VIIB, VIII, IB, and IIB; 3) as element, 0.01-2 wt % of precious metal component. Using the catalyst provided by the invention can reduce the total amount of added active components and enhance the emission reduction effect of the additive.

A structured monolithic catalyst has a structured monolithic carrier and a coating of active components. The coating of active components comprises active metal components and a substrate. The active metal components conclude a first metal element, a second metal element, a third metal element and a fourth metal element. The first metal element includes Fe and Co; the second metal element is at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal elements of the Group IA and/or IIA; the third metal element is at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-noble metal elements of the Groups IB to VIIB; and the fourth metal element is at least one selected from the group consisting of the noble metal elements.

Provided is a catalyst which is capable of producing a hydrocarbon from a synthesis gas. The catalyst includes: a metallic catalyst containing a metal compound having activity in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, the metallic catalyst being configured to produce the hydrocarbon from the synthesis gas; and a carrier catalyst containing zeolite supporting the metallic catalyst, the metal compound containing cobalt, and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of manganese and ruthenium, and a supported amount of the ruthenium being 0.5 wt % or more and 2 wt % or less.

The present disclosure is directed to method of treating water/wastewater using a plasmon-enhanced catalytic ozonation process. Water/wastewater often contains numerous pollutants, some of which are particularly difficult and inefficient to remove and require energy-intensive treatment such as advanced oxidation processes. The present plasmonic metal nanostructured catalyst is configured to interact with electromagnetic radiation through excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance, leading to accelerated ozone decomposition and reactive species generation. The reactive species oxidizes water pollutants, resulting in a water treatment process that avoids excessive energy input and creation of toxic byproducts. In an exemplary application of the plasmon-enhanced catalytic ozonation process, the atrazine degradation rate is increased compared to conventional ozonation and catalytic ozonation processes, owing to the plasmonic effects of Ag in the plasmonic metal nanostructured catalyst.

Disclosed herein are oxidation catalysts, oxidation catalyst composites, systems, and methods for treating exhaust gas streams to control the emission of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) in the exhaust gas stream of internal combustion engines. The oxidation catalysts, oxidation catalyst composites, systems and methods of treating comprise a ternary alloy nanoparticle catalyst; the ternary alloy nanoparticle catalyst comprises a platinum group metal alloyed with at least two transition metal elements.

The present invention provides a process for the synthesis of furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from glucose or crude hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) using mixed metal oxides catalyst. The present invention further provides a process for preparation of the mixed metal oxides catalyst.