To provide a photocatalyst decomposition apparatus that can supply a liquid phase containing a substance to be decomposed by a photocatalyst and that can perform decomposition of the substance more efficiently than in the related art. A photocatalyst decomposition system according to the invention includes: a gas phase generation apparatus configured to convert a liquid phase containing a decomposition object into a gas phase; and a photocatalyst member configured to come into contact with the gas phase to decompose the decomposition object by light from a light source. The photocatalyst member includes a base material formed of a porous material and a photocatalyst layer provided on a surface of the base material.

To provide a photocatalyst decomposition apparatus that can supply a liquid phase containing a substance to be decomposed by a photocatalyst and that can perform decomposition of the substance more efficiently than in the related art. A photocatalyst decomposition system according to the invention includes: a gas phase generation apparatus configured to convert a liquid phase containing a decomposition object into a gas phase; and a photocatalyst member configured to come into contact with the gas phase to decompose the decomposition object by light from a light source. The photocatalyst member includes a base material formed of a porous material and a photocatalyst layer provided on a surface of the base material.

A process for regenerating a deactivated vanadium-titanium-phosphorous catalyst which has been used in the production of unsaturated carboxylic acid is disclosed. The process comprises contacting the deactivated vanadium-titanium-phosphorous catalyst with a regeneration stream comprising steam as a regeneration agent at a temperature which is the same or similar to that used in the production of the unsaturated carboxylic acid.

A process for regenerating a deactivated vanadium-titanium-phosphorous catalyst which has been used in the production of unsaturated carboxylic acid is disclosed. The process comprises contacting the deactivated vanadium-titanium-phosphorous catalyst with a regeneration stream comprising steam as a regeneration agent at a temperature which is the same or similar to that used in the production of the unsaturated carboxylic acid.

The present invention relates to a Fe-based hydrogenation catalyst having Fe as a primary active metal component, and zinc and potassium as a first co-active metal component. The molar ratio of the primary active metal component to the first co-active metal component is 0.5-200:1. The Fe-based hydrogenation catalyst in present invention overcomes the problem of limiting to the active metal components as used over decades for the conventional hydrogenation catalyst, and thus has long-term values for industrial application.

The present invention relates to a Fe-based hydrogenation catalyst having Fe as a primary active metal component, and zinc and potassium as a first co-active metal component. The molar ratio of the primary active metal component to the first co-active metal component is 0.5-200:1. The Fe-based hydrogenation catalyst in present invention overcomes the problem of limiting to the active metal components as used over decades for the conventional hydrogenation catalyst, and thus has long-term values for industrial application.

Catalysts for dehydrating hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity, short residence time, and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, for example, acetaldehyde, propionic acid, and acetic acid, are provided. The catalysts are mixed protonated monophosphates. Methods of preparing the catalysts are also provided.

Catalysts for dehydrating hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity, short residence time, and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, for example, acetaldehyde, propionic acid, and acetic acid, are provided. The catalysts are mixed protonated monophosphates. Methods of preparing the catalysts are also provided.

Catalysts for dehydrating hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity, short residence time, and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, for example, acetaldehyde, propionic acid, and acetic acid, are provided. The catalysts are mixed protonated monophosphates. Methods of preparing the catalysts are also provided.

A method for making a catalyst composition that includes a reduction catalyst mixture including a first reduction catalyst and a second reduction catalyst, wherein said first reduction catalyst comprises mixed vanadium oxides and phosphorus oxides, wherein said mixed vanadium and antimony oxides comprises V.sub.4Sb.sub.6O.sub.8, and wherein said second reduction catalyst comprises vanadium and antimony oxides; and an oxidation catalyst comprising ferrocene. The method includes selecting an organic petroleum distillate-soluble solvent that is effective to act as a reducing agent; introducing finely ground V.sub.2O.sub.5 and aqueous H.sub.3PO.sub.4 into said selected organic petroleum distillate-soluble solvent to make a first mixture; adding finely ground V/Sb oxide catalyst to said first mixture to make a second mixture; bringing the second mixture to a boil; cooling the second mixture; and adding the ferrocene or other organometallic Fe-source material to the cooled second mixture to make the catalyst composition.