A method of making N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4-nitrobenzamide from a mixture of 2,4-dinitroaniline, 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride, and solid acid catalyst in an organic solvent, wherein the solid acid catalyst is not soluble in the organic solvent, the solid acid catalyst being an acidic clay, an ion exchange resin, a beta zeolite, a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer, or some mixture of these.

An anionic surfactant of general formula (I) in which n and m are, independently of one another, numbers from 0 to 17 and 2<n+m<20, and X.sup.+ is a charge-balancing cation. The invention also relates to a production method by way of: the acid-catalysed reaction of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran with an alkene having 5 to 22 C atoms in equimolar amounts, at an increased temperature; subsequent sulphation with a sulphating agent; and optional neutralisation by a subsequent reaction with

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X.sup.+OH.sup.− or X.sup.+.sub.2CO.sup.2−.sub.3, where X.sup.+ is an alkali metal cation or a group N.sup.+R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3, in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are, independently of one another, hydrogen, an alkyl group with 1 to 6 C atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group with 2 to 6 C atoms. Detergents or cleaning agents containing the surfactant, and the use of same to improve the performance of the detergents or cleaning agents, are also disclosed.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of producing a cracking catalyst. The method of producing a cracking catalyst may comprise producing a plurality of uncalcined zeolite-beta nanoparticles via a dry-gel method, directly mixing the plurality of uncalcined zeolite-beta nanoparticles with at least one additional hydrocracking component to form a mixture, and calcining the mixture to form the cracking catalyst. The plurality of uncalcined zeolite-beta nanoparticles may have an average diameter of less than 100 nm.

A cluster-supporting catalyst including porous carrier particles having acid sites, and catalyst metal clusters supported within the pores of the porous carrier particles. In the cluster-supporting catalyst including porous carrier particles having acid sites, and catalyst metal clusters supported within the pores of the porous carrier particles, the catalyst metal may be rhodium, the catalyst metal may be palladium, the catalyst metal may be platinum, or the catalyst metal may be copper.

A cluster-supporting catalyst including porous carrier particles having acid sites, and catalyst metal clusters supported within the pores of the porous carrier particles. The catalyst metal clusters are obtained by supporting catalyst metal clusters having a positive charge, which is formed in a dispersion liquid containing a dispersion medium and the porous carrier particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, on the acid sites within the pores of the porous carrier particles through an electrostatic interaction.

The present invention relates to a catalyst for producing light olefins from C4-C7 hydrocarbons from catalytic cracking reaction and the production process of light olefins from said catalyst, wherein said catalyst has core-shell structure comprising a zeolite core with mole ratio of silicon to aluminium (Si/Al) between 2 to 250 and layered double hydroxide shell (LDH). The catalyst according to the invention provides high percent conversion of substrate to products and high selectivity to light olefins product.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a zeolite composite material composed of a mixture of AFX and BEA zeolites, comprising at least the following steps: i) mixing in aqueous medium, in particular proportions, of an FAU zeolite having an SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 mole ratio of between 30 and 100 and a parameter P.sub.ze such that: 3250<P.sub.ze<7200, with at least one zeolite of FAU structure type having an SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 mole ratio of between 2 and 30 (upper limit excluded), of at least one organonitrogen compound R, R being 1,5-bis(methylpiperidinium)pentane dihydroxide, 1,6-bis(methylpiperidinium)hexane dihydroxide and/or 1,7-bis(methylpiperidinium)heptane dihydroxide, of at least one source of at least one alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal M of valency n, to obtain a gel, ii) hydrothermal treatment of said gel obtained at a temperature of between 120° C. and 220° C., for a time of between 12 hours and 15 days.

A method is provided for forming composite of nano-sized zeolite beta and hierarchical zeolite Y. The method includes synthesizing a hierarchical zeolite Y, synthesizing a gel of a nano-sized zeolite beta, forming a slurry of the nano-sized zeolite beta from the gel, and mixing the hierarchical zeolite Y with the slurry to form a composite. The composite is dried and an extrudable paste is formed from the dried composite. The extrudable paste is extruded to form extrudates, which are calcined to form calcined extrudates.

Methods for cracking a hydrocarbon oil include contacting the hydrocarbon oil with a catalyst system in a fluidized catalytic cracking unit to produce light olefins and gasoline fuel. The catalyst system includes a FCC base catalyst and a catalyst additive. The FCC base catalyst includes a Y-zeolite. The catalyst additive includes a framework-substituted *BEA-type zeolite. The framework-substituted *BEA-type zeolite has a modified *BEA framework. The modified *BEA framework is a *BEA aluminosilicate framework modified by substituting a portion of framework aluminum atoms of the *BEA aluminosilicate framework with beta-zeolite Al-substitution atoms selected from titanium atoms, zirconium atoms, hafnium atoms, and combinations thereof. The FCC base catalyst may include a framework-substituted ultra-stable Y (USY)-zeolite as the Y-zeolite. The framework-substituted USY-zeolite has USY aluminosilicate framework modified by substituting a portion of framework aluminum atoms with titanium atoms, zirconium atoms, hafnium atoms, or combinations thereof.

A method of making a multifunctional catalyst for upgrading pyrolysis oil includes contacting a zeolite support with a solution including at least a first metal catalyst precursor and a second metal catalyst precursor, the first metal catalyst precursor, the second metal catalyst precursor, or both, including a heteropolyacid. Contacting the zeolite support with the solution deposits or adsorbs the first metal catalyst precursor and the second catalyst precursor onto outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support to produce a multifunctional catalyst precursor. The method further includes removing excess solution from the multifunctional catalyst precursor and calcining the multifunctional catalyst precursor to produce the multifunctional catalyst comprising at least a first metal catalyst and a second metal catalyst deposited on the outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support.