We describe a method of storing a gas, in particular hydrogen, comprising: providing a polymer sponge, wherein said polymer sponge comprises a plurality of catalytic nanoparticles; providing a solution of reactants, catalysed by said nanoparticles to produce said gas; absorbing said solution into said polymer sponge such that said reactants react within said polymer sponge to produce said gas; wherein said gas is held within said polymer sponge; and wherein said polymer sponge comprises a thermally responsive polymer having a volume which reduces with a change in temperature, such that said gas held within said polymer is extractable by changing a temperature of said polymer sponge.

The invention relates to bisphosphites having 2,4-dimethylphenyl units and a method for the preparation thereof. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of the compounds as ligands in a ligand-metal complex. The compound, and also the complex, may be used as a catalytically active composition in hydroformylation reactions.

Catalysts of protein-disulfide isomerization of formula: ##STR00001##
where R.sub.1 is hydrogen or COR.sub.4, where R.sub.4 is an optionally substituted aliphatic group or an optionally substituted aryl group; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or COR.sub.5, where R.sub.5 is alkyl having 1-8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl having 3-8 carbon atoms or a phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl or naphthyl group; and R.sub.3 is hydrogen or alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms. Protein folding buffers comprising one or more of the above compounds. Method of catalyzing, in vivo or in vitro, the isomerization of disulfide linkages in a protein or peptide employing above catalysts. Method of forming, in vivo or in vitro, disulfide linkages in a protein or peptide employing above catalysts.

The present disclosure provides an ionic liquid compound of Formula (I) and its application in reactions such as alkylation, arylation, acylation, diels alder and oligomerization, ##STR00001## The present disclosure also provides a process for preparing the ionic liquid compound of Formula (I) which involves preparing an ionic salt complex represented by Formula [(NR.sub.1R.sub.2R.sub.3).sub.iM.sub.1].sup.n+[X.sub.j].sup.n by mixing an amine represented by Formula NR.sub.1R.sub.2R.sub.3 and a metal salt represented by formula M.sub.1X.sub.j; and mixing the ionic salt complex and a metal salt represented by formula M.sub.2Y.sub.k to obtain the ionic liquid compound.

A composition that comprises a support material that is loaded with an active metal or metal precursor, an amine component, and a non-amine containing polar additive. The composition is useful in the hydroprocessing of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The composition is prepared by incorporating a metal solution into a support material followed by incorporating therein an amine component and a non-amine containing polar additive.

An asymmetric fused aromatic ring derivative containing sulfonyl group, which includes a structure represented by formula (I). Formula (I) is defined as in the specification. A use of the asymmetric fused aromatic ring derivative containing sulfonyl group, which is used as a photocatalyst. A hydrogen production device, which includes the asymmetric fused aromatic ring derivative containing sulfonyl group. An optoelectronic component, which includes the asymmetric fused aromatic ring derivative containing sulfonyl group.

The invention relates to a continuous method for producing formic acid from CO.sub.2 and extracting the formic acid using compressed CO.sub.2.

A method for synthesizing of thioesters by using a compound as a catalyst is disclosed. The compound is represented by formula I below: ##STR00001##
In formula I, R.sup.5 represents H, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; X and Y each independently represents one of H, C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.5-10 aryl, C.sub.1-10 alkyl alcohol, thiohydroxy, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfamoyl, carbamoyl, C.sub.1-10 alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-10 alkoxycarbamoyl, C.sub.1-10 alkylamino, C.sub.1-10 alkylsulfonyl, C.sub.1-10 haloalkylsulfonyl, ureido, amido, and C.sub.1-10 alkoxylcarbamoyl; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Provided is a catalyst for producing hydrogen, which catalyst has higher performance than conventional catalysts since, for example, it exhibits a certain high level of activity in an aqueous formic acid solution at high concentration even without addition of a solvent, amine and/or the like. The metal phosphine complex is a metal phosphine complex represented by General Formula (1): MH.sub.m(CO)L.sub.n, wherein M represents an iridium, iron, rhodium or ruthenium atom; in cases where M is an iridium or rhodium atom, m=3 and n=2, and in cases where M is an iron or ruthenium atom, m=2 and n=3; and the number n of Ls each independently represent a tri-substituted phosphine represented by General Formula (2): PR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3. The catalyst for producing hydrogen comprises the metal phosphine complex as a constituent component.

An unsymmetric bisphosphite of the formula (1) ##STR00001##
a process for preparation thereof, a reaction thereof with metals to give mixtures containing complexes of the unsymmetric bisphosphite and the metal, and a use thereof as a catalytically active composition in hydroformylation reactions, where the hydroformylation-active composition contains, as well as the complex of metal and unsymmetric bisphosphite, unbound bisphosphite and at least one further component.