An object of the present invention is to provide a method for efficiently producing an -olefin low polymer at a high -olefin low polymer selectivity and a high -olefin low polymer yield with suppressing the deterioration of catalytic activity with time, and the invention relates to a method for producing an -olefin low polymer, which comprises performing a low polymerization reaction of an -olefin in the presence of a catalyst containing a chlorine atom-containing compound (d) and a reaction solvent, wherein the chlorine atom-containing compound (d) that are at least two compounds having specific chlorine atom elimination rate is supplied in predetermined ratio.

A method for the manufacture of a 2-aryl-3,3-bis(hydroxyaryl)phthalimidine including heating a reaction mixture comprising a phenolphthalein compound and a primary arylamine in the presence of an acid catalyst, and a heterocyclic aromatic amine co-catalyst, to form the 2-aryl-3,3-bis(hydroxyaryl) is provided. Polymers including structural units derived from the 2-aryl-3,3-bis(hydroxyaryl)phthalimidine are provided. Methods for the manufacture of a polycarbonate, including manufacturing the 2-aryl-3,3-bis(hydroxyaryl)phthalimidine, and polymerizing the 2-aryl-3,3-bis(hydroxyaryl)phthalimidine in the presence of a carbonate source are provided.

Provided herein are cinchonium betaine catalysts and methods of promoting asymmetric imine isomerization reactions using the same.

The disclosure relates to a dual catalytic method for forming aryl carbon-nitrogen bonds. The method comprises contacting an aryl halide with an amine in the presence of a dual catalytic solution comprising a Ni(II) salt catalyst, a photocatalyst, and an optional base, thereby forming a reaction mixture; exposing the reaction mixture to light under reaction condition sufficient to produce the aryl carbon-nitrogen bonds. In certain embodiments, the amine may be present in a molar excess to the aryl halide. In certain embodiment, the photocatalyst may be [Ru(bpy).sub.3]Cl.sub.2 or an organic phenoxazine. In certain embodiments, the Ni salt catalyst solution includes a Ni(II) salt and a polar solvent, wherein the Ni(II) salt is dissolved in the polar solvent.

The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a polyimide film. The method includes: providing a polyamic acid copolymer including at least a semi-aromatic polyamic acid obtained by reacting cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic (CBDA) with an aromatic cyclic diamine; and adding dehydrating agent and a pyridine catalyst having an ortho substituent into the polyamic acid copolymer to carry out a chemical imidization reaction of the polyamic acid copolymer to prepare a polyimide film.

The invention concerns a catalytic composition comprising: at least one nickel precursor with an oxidation number of (+II), at least one phosphine ligand with formula PR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 in which the groups R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, which may be identical or different and which may or may not be bonded together, and at least one Lewis base, said composition having a molar ratio of the phosphine ligand to the nickel precursor of less than or equal to 5 and a molar ratio of the Lewis base and phosphine ligand together to the nickel precursor of greater than or equal to 5.

The invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanate containing alkoxysilane groups, in which, in the sequence of steps A) to D), A) haloalkylalkoxysilane is reacted with metal cyanate and alcohol to give alkoxysilanoalkylurethane, B) alkoxysilanoalkylurethane is freed of low boilers, solids, salt burdens and/or high boilers and optionally purified, C) alkoxysilanoalkylurethane obtained after B) is thermally cleaved to release isocyanate containing alkoxysilane groups and by-product, leaving bottoms material, and D) isocyanate containing alkoxysilane groups and by-product are separated from one another and from cleavage bottoms material and collected, wherein the process regime at least of steps C) to D) is continuous.

Provided herein are cinchonium betaine catalysts and methods of promoting asymmetric imine isomerization reactions using the same.

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a carbon nitride-based photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof. The photocatalyst is prepared by reaction of melem with 3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride. The photocatalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention achieves energy level matching in structure between the melem structure and the 3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, reduces a singlet-triplet energy gap (E.sub.ST), promotes an intersystem crossing process, thereby enhancing the singlet oxygen production and improving the selective photocatalytic oxidation ability.