In one embodiment, a continuous process for preparing organic carbonate solvent of Formula (I) as described herein comprises contacting a first reactant (an alcohol) with a reactive carbonyl source (carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or an alkylchloroformate) in the presence of a catalyst in reaction stream flowing through a continuous flow reactor at temperature 20° C. to about 160° C. and at a flow rate providing a residence time in the range of about 0.1 minute to about 24 hours; collecting a reactor effluent exiting from the continuous flow reactor; recovering a crude product from the reactor effluent; and distilling the crude product to obtain the organic carbonate compound of Formula (I). In another embodiment, the first reactant is an epoxide and the carbonyl source is carbon dioxide.

The invention relates to a method for preparation of diesters from anhydrides of carboxylic acids.

Disclosed are methods of forming an epimer or a dehydrated isomer of a pyranose monosaccharide or a pyranose saccharide residue in an oligosaccharide or a glycoside.

An activated carbon-based media for efficient removal of chloramines as well as chlorine and ammonia from an aqueous stream is presented, and a method for making the same. The method involves preparing activated carbon that remove chloramines efficiently from chloramine-rich aqueous media. In particular, this application relates to the use of high performance catalytically active carbon for an efficient removal of chloramine from drinking water in the form of a solid carbon block or granular carbon media. The activated carbon is treated with a nitrogen-rich compound, such as, melamine.

The present invention relates to a process for coupling a heterocyclic aromatic ring AR1 and a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring AR2 to each other by a light-assisted decarboxylative carbon-carbon cross-coupling reaction, wherein a reaction medium is provided by mixing a first reactant, a second reactant and a catalyst composition, wherein the catalyst composition comprises (i) a palladium compound which is a palladium salt or a palladium complex or a mixture thereof, and (ii) a polycyclic compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III):

##STR00001## the reaction medium is irradiated by an external light source, thereby coupling the heterocyclic aromatic ring AR1 of the first reactant to the aromatic ring AR2 of the second reactant by a decarboxylative carbon-carbon cross-coupling reaction.

The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing an asymmetric linear carbonate, which comprises subjecting two different symmetrical linear carbonates to a transesterification reaction in the presence of a base catalyst having a heterocyclic structure to prepare an asymmetric linear carbonate.

The present invention provides a production method capable of synthesizing an aryl thiol ester compound under mild conditions rapidly at a high yield. The present invention provides a method for producing an aryl thiol ester compound including producing an aryl thiol ester compound represented by the following general formula (1) from a diazonium compound represented by the following general formula (2) and a thioate compound represented by the following general formula (3) by a Sandmeyer-type coupling reaction using a catalyst, [wherein A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each independently an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group; X.sup.1 is a monovalent anion; and M.sup.1 is a monovalent cation].

##STR00001##

This invention relates to a process for preparing a calixarene compound by reacting a phenolic compound and an aldehyde in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base as a catalyst to form the calixarene compound. The invention also relates to processes for high-yield, high solid-content production of a calixarene compound, with high selectivity toward a high-purity calix[8]arene compound, without carrying out a recrystallization step.

An in-situ polymerized type thermoplastic prepreg is provided, which is excellent in productivity, has tack properties and drape properties that allow easy shaping in a mold, is excellent in handling properties, and allows a molded product obtained by curing to have both mechanical properties as high as those of a thermosetting composite and the features of the thermoplastic composite. An in-situ polymerized type thermoplastic prepreg 1 includes reinforcing fibers 2 and an in-situ polymerized type thermoplastic epoxy resin 3 as a matrix resin. The in-situ polymerized type thermoplastic epoxy resin 3 is cured to B-stage, with the weight-average molecular weight being 6,000 or less, and has tack properties and drape properties at 30 C. or less, and the in-situ polymerized type thermoplastic epoxy resin after curing has a weight-average molecular weight of 30,000 or more.

An activated carbon-based media for efficient removal of chloramines as well as chlorine and ammonia from an aqueous stream is presented, and a method for making the same. The method involves preparing activated carbon that removes chloramines efficiently from chloramine-rich aqueous media. In particular, this application relates to the use of high performance catalytically active carbon for an efficient removal of chloramine from drinking water in the form of a solid carbon block or granular carbon media. The activated carbon is treated with a nitrogen-rich compound, such as, melamine.