The present invention relates to catalyst compositions for hydroformylation processes and to hydroformylation processes utilizing certain catalysts. In one aspect, a catalyst composition for a hydroformylation process comprises (a) a transition metal; (b) a monophosphine; and (c) a tetraphosphine having the structure described herein, and wherein the composition comprises at least 40 moles of monophosphine per mole of transition metal.

A method for easily producing a heterogeneous catalyst having excellent catalytic activity at a low cost is provided. The heterogeneous catalyst is used for the purpose of synthesizing a cyclic carbonate by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide. A catalyst obtained by this production method and a method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate with use of this catalyst are also provided.

Provided are a water-soluble triarylphosphine for a palladium catalyst, which has high selectivity in a telomerization reaction and can be recovered with efficiency, an ammonium salt thereof, and a method for efficiently producing the same. Specifically, provided are bis(6-methyl-3-sulphophenyl)phenylphosphine; a bis(6-methyl-3-sulphonatopheyl)phenylphosphine diammonium salt obtained by reacting the phosphine with a tertiary amine having a total of 3 to 27 carbon atoms in groups bonded to one nitrogen atom; and a method for producing the same.

The present invention provides a (meth)acrylate manufacturing method characterized in that when manufacturing a (meth) acrylate by an ester exchange reaction between an alcohol and a monofunctional (meth)acrylate using catalyst A and catalyst B together, contact treatment of the ester exchange reaction product with adsorbent C is performed. Catalyst A: One or more kinds of compounds selected from a group consisting of cyclic tertiary amines with an azabicyclo structure and salts or complexes thereof, amidine and salts or complexes thereof, compounds with a pyridine ring and salts or complexes thereof, phosphines and salts or complexes thereof, and compounds with a tertiary diamine structure and salts or complexes thereof. Catalyst B: One or more kinds of compounds selected from a group consisting of compounds comprising zinc. Adsorbent C: One or more kinds of compounds selected from a group consisting of oxides and hydroxides comprising at least one of magnesium, aluminum and silicon.

A method for producing A hydrogen gas from formic acid, characterized in that at least one heterogeneous catalyst is used to transform the formic acid into hydrogen gas. The at least one heterogeneous catalyst contains heterogenized ruthenium. According to a first aspect of the invention, the at least one heterogeneous catalyst contains at least one hydrophilic phosphine ligand which is m-TPPTS (meta-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine). The at least one heterogeneous catalyst is preferably obtained by mixing an aqueous solution of RuCl.sub.3 with hydrophilic phosphine, firstly activated by carrying out a homogeneous reaction with formic acid and by adding at least one solid structure.

Process for increasingly producing D-Lactide and meso lactide by depolymerizing by back biting polylactide (PLA) said process which comprises: (i) Depolymerizing polylactide into its corresponding dimeric cyclic esters by heating the polylactide in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a catalyst and a co-catalyst in a reaction zone at temperature and pressure at which the polylactide is molten; (ii) Forming a vapor product stream from the reaction zone; (iii) Removing the vapor product stream and optionally condense it; (iv) Recovering, either together or separately meso-lactide, D-lactide and L-lactide.

The present invention relates to bis-aminophosphines which are useful as catalysts for the dimerization of alkyl acrylates. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for preparing bis-aminophophines, the use of these bis-aminophosphines as catalysts for dimerization reaction of alkyl acrylates and a process for obtaining dimers of alkyl acrylates using bis-aminophosphines as catalyst.

Catalysts for the reduction of CO.sub.2 are described herein. More specifically, catalysts of Formula I and Formula II: ##STR00001##
wherein LB is a Lewis base; LA is a Lewis acid; R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl; and R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl; are described. A process for the production of methanol from CO.sub.2 using such catalysts is also described.

The method for oligomerizing olefin according to the present disclosure is a method for oligomerizing olefin using an oligomerization catalyst system and includes deteriorating the activity of the oligomerization catalyst system by injecting a deactivator in a latter part of a multimerization reaction of olefin. The deactivator may include an additive for polymer containing at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amine group and an amide group. According to the oligomerizing method, the isomer of 1-hexene and/or 1-octene and alpha-olefins with C.sub.10 to C.sub.40 may be decreased via the restraint of the additional side reaction of a product. Since the deactivator is an additive for enhancing the physical properties of a polymer, a separating process thereof is not required, thereby improving economic feasibility and productivity.

The present invention provides a bifunctional catalyst of the formula (1): wherein: each R.sup.1 is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group and an optionally substituted alkaryl group; Z represents a divalent organic linking moiety optionally containing one or more stereocenters; and EWG represents an electron-withdrawing group.
(R.sup.1).sub.3PNZNH-EWG(1)