The present invention provides a method of preparing a heterogeneous linear carbonate, the method including transesterifying an aliphatic alcohol and a symmetric linear carbonate in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is an acidic ion exchange resin, and a mass ratio of the aliphatic alcohol and the symmetric linear carbonate (aliphatic alcohol:symmetric linear carbonate) is 1:10 or more and 50:1 or less. The preparation method of the present specification provides a method of preparing a heterogeneous, symmetric linear carbonate and asymmetric linear carbonate in high yield without a process of reactive distillation, and is economical because a product and a catalyst can be easily separated.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

Provided is a process for producing 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, comprising condensing phenol with acetone in the presence of an acid catalyst; wherein the acid catalyst comprises a collection of sulfonated polymeric beads, wherein the sulfonated polymeric beads comprise (i) 75 to 99% by weight, based on the weight of the bead, polymerized units of monofunctional vinyl monomer, and (ii) 1 to 25% by weight, based on the weight of the bead, polymerized units of multifunctional vinyl monomer; wherein 90% or more of the beads by volume are uniform beads.

Provided is a process for producing 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, comprising condensing phenol with acetone in the presence of an acid catalyst; wherein the acid catalyst comprises a collection of sulfonated polymeric beads, wherein the sulfonated polymeric beads comprise (i) 75 to 99% by weight, based on the weight of the bead, polymerized units of monofunctional vinyl monomer, and (ii) 1 to 25% by weight, based on the weight of the bead, polymerized units of multifunctional vinyl monomer; wherein 90% or more of the beads by volume are uniform beads.

Methods of stabilizing virgin ion exchange resin material are provided. The methods include cleansing the virgin ion exchange resin material with a preparation comprising a non-ionic detergent. The methods include cleansing the virgin ion exchange resin material with a preparation comprising an alcohol solvent. The methods include rinsing virgin ion exchange resin material with deoxygenated water. the methods include introducing the cleansed/rinsed virgin ion exchange resin material into a gas impermeable vessel and hermetically sealing the vessel. The methods include introducing an oxygen scavenging material into the gas impermeable vessel, and hermetically sealing the vessel. A method of facilitating water treatment in a site in need thereof by providing a cleansed virgin ion exchange resin material in deoxygenated water is also disclosed.

A method for preparing particles comprising a material suitable for catalysing oxygen reduction or hydrogen oxidation, the particles being grafted by grafts consisting of at least one specific polymer comprising at least one repeating styrene unit bearing at least one proton-conducting group.

Disclosed are a preparation method and application of a 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazolyl polymerized spherical ionic liquid catalyst. The method comprises: preparing a functional ionic liquid monomer successfully by taking 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole as the matrix, and preparing the polymerized spherical ionic liquid from the monomer. The catalyst combines the advantages of both ionic liquid and the polymer, and has the characteristics of large specific surface area, high catalytic activity, high mass transfer rate, good selectivity, high stability, easy recycling and separating, environmental friendliness, wide industrial application prospect, etc. The spherical ionic liquid is made into a novel catalytic packing and then put into a reactive distillation column for continuous reactive distillation of esterification and transesterification to realize the organic combination of the ionic liquid and the reactive distillation technology, achieving good catalytic activity, high product yield, environmental friendliness, and low corrosivity, which has great significance in realizing an environment-friendly process.

Disclosed are a preparation method and application of a 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazolyl polymerized spherical ionic liquid catalyst. The method comprises: preparing a functional ionic liquid monomer successfully by taking 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole as the matrix, and preparing the polymerized spherical ionic liquid from the monomer. The catalyst combines the advantages of both ionic liquid and the polymer, and has the characteristics of large specific surface area, high catalytic activity, high mass transfer rate, good selectivity, high stability, easy recycling and separating, environmental friendliness, wide industrial application prospect, etc. The spherical ionic liquid is made into a novel catalytic packing and then put into a reactive distillation column for continuous reactive distillation of esterification and transesterification to realize the organic combination of the ionic liquid and the reactive distillation technology, achieving good catalytic activity, high product yield, environmental friendliness, and low corrosivity, which has great significance in realizing an environment-friendly process.

A superacid polymeric catalyst having both Lewis acidity and Brnsted acidity is described, along with methods of making and methods of using the same.