Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for Rh(I) catalysts, methods of making alkenyl substituted arenes (e.g., allyl arene, vinyl arene, and the like), methods of making alkyl substituted arenes, and the like.

A halogen-containing compound as shown in a formula I can be used as a ligand for an ethylene oligomerization catalyst composition. The ethylene oligomerization catalyst composition containing the halogen-containing compound can be used to catalyze ethylene oligomerization, trimerization, and tetramerization reactions. As a ligand of a catalyst for ethylene oligomerization, a fluoropolymer can effectively improve the catalytic performance of a catalyst system, and particularly exhibits improved activity and selectivity in an ethylene oligomerization reaction.

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Methods for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthesis platforms for performing such syntheses are provided. Methods and platforms are provided that allow for the synthesis of aza-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by an expedient ring assembly. Methods and platforms allow for a modular approach to synthesis that provide multiple new C—C bonds in sequential pericyclic reactions, thus giving access to compounds with multiple axes of substitution.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a catalyst for a cross-coupling reaction in which an organometallic complex is sufficiently immobilized on a carrier and an object product can be easily obtained. The catalyst for a cross-coupling reaction of the present invention has a carrier part composed of a synthetic resin and an organometallic complex part immobilized on the carrier part by chemical bonding, and has a structure represented by formula (P1), wherein in (P1) R.sup.1, R.sup.2 may be the same or different, and is a substituent such as a hydrogen atom. R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 may be the same or different and are substituents, such as a hydrogen. X represents a halogen atom, and R.sup.7 represents a substituent having 3 to 20 carbon atoms with a π bond. RS1 represents the main chain of the synthetic resin precursors having —CH.sub.2OH group at their end.

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Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for Rh(I) catalysts, methods of making alkenyl substituted arenes (e.g., allyl arene, vinyl arene, and the like), methods of making alkyl substituted arenes, and the like.

An organometallic complex catalyst that makes it possible to obtain a higher yield of a desired product than conventional catalysts in a cross-coupling reaction. The organometallic complex catalyst has a structure represented by formula (1) and is for use in a cross-coupling reaction. In formula (1), M is the coordination center and represents a metal atom such as Pd or an ion thereof. R1, R2, and R3 may be the same or different and are a substituent such as a hydrogen atom. R4, R5, R6, and R7 may be the same or different and are a substituent such as a hydrogen atom. X represents a halogen atom. R8 represents a substituent that has a π bond and 3-20 carbon atoms. With regard to the electron-donating properties of R1-R7 with respect to the coordination center M of the ligand containing R1-R7 that is indicated in formula (2), R1-R7 are arranged in combination such that the TEP value obtained from infrared spectroscopy shifts toward the low frequency side compared to the TEP value of the ligand of formula (2-1). ##STR00001##

Subject of the invention is a process for producing a biofuel from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils, comprising the steps of (a) ethenolysis of the fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of ethylene and an ethenolysis catalyst, and (b) isomerizing metathesis in the presence of an isomerization catalyst and a metathesis catalyst. The invention also relates to biofuels obtainable by the inventive process and to uses of ethylene for adjusting and optimizing biofuels.

The present invention relates to an improved method of preparing metal complexes, in particular carbene-metal complexes. The method comprises the step of subjecting a salt of formula Z.sup.+—X.sup.− and a non-ionic metal salt of formula ML.sub.n or subjecting a metallate of formula Z.sup.+ . . . ML.sub.nX.sup.− to a mechanical mixing process in the presence of a base. The method allows to formation of heterocyclic carbene metal complexes such as a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-metal complexes. The invention also relates to the use of metal complexes, in particular carbene-metal complexes such as heterocyclic carbene-metal complexes obtainable by the method according to the present invention as catalysts.

A compound by the name 1,1,1-tris(di(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)phosphino-methyl)ethane. The compound can be represented by the structure of formula (I): ##STR00001##
The compound is useful as a ligand for ruthenium to form an organometallic complex. The complex is an active catalyst for the hydrogenolysis of amides to form amines and optionally alcohols.

Catalytic methods for synthesis of super linear alkenyl arenes and alkyl arenes are provided. The methods are capable of synthesizing super linear alkyl and alkenyl arenes from simple arene and olefin starting materials and with high selectivity for linear coupling. Methods are also provided for making a 2,6-dimethylnapthalene (DMN) or 2,6-methylethylnapthalene (MEN).