The present application discloses complexes useful as catalysts for organic chemical synthesis including hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of unsaturated compounds or dehydrogenation of substrates. The range of hydrogenation substrate compounds includes esters, lactones, oils and fats, resulting in alcohols, diols, and triols as reaction products. The catalysts of current application can be used to catalyze a hydrogenation reaction under solvent free conditions. The present catalysts also allow the hydrogenation to proceed without added base, and it can be used in place of the conventional reduction methods employing hydrides of the main-group elements. Furthermore, the catalysts of the present application can catalyze a dehydrogenation reaction under homogenous and/or acceptorless conditions. As such, the catalysts provided herein can be useful in substantially reducing cost and improving the environmental profile of manufacturing processes for variety of chemicals.

Provided are a novel metallocene-supported catalyst and a method of preparing a polyolefin using the same. The metallocene-supported catalyst according to the present disclosure may be used in the preparation of polyolefins, it may have excellent activity and excellent reactivity with comonomers, and it may prepare olefinic polymers having a high molecular weight and a low molecular weight.

This invention relates to hexahydrocyclopenta[e]-as-indacen-1-yl and octahydrobenzo[e]-as-indacen-1-yl based catalyst complexes represented by the formula:
T.sub.yLAMX.sub.n-2
wherein: M is a group 3-6 metal; n is the oxidation state of M; A is a substituted or unsubstituted polycyclic arenyl ligand bonded to M wherein the polycyclic ligand contains an indenyl fragment with two partially unsaturated rings annulated to the phenyl ring of the indenyl ligand fragment; L is a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic arenyl ligand bonded to M, or a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic heteroarenyl ligand bonded to M, or is represented by the formula JR′.sub.z-y where J is a group 15 or 16 heteroatom bonded to M, R′ is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl substituent bonded to J, and z is 1 or 2; T is a bridging group; y is 1 or 0; and each X is independently a univalent anionic ligand, or two Xs are joined and bound to the metal atom to form a metallocycle ring, or two Xs are joined to form a chelating ligand, a diene ligand, or an alkylidene ligand.

The present invention relates to novel methods and compounds for synthesizing amanitin derivatives. The invention in particular relates to methods for synthesizing (S)-6-hydroxy-tryptophan derivatives which can be used as building blocks for synthesizing amanitin derivatives or amatoxin drug conjugates. The invention further relates to intermediate compounds of said synthesis pathways for use in amanitin derivative and amatoxin drug conjugate synthesis, and to the use of particular catalysts suited for mediating said synthesis pathways.

Subject of the invention is a process for producing a biofuel from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils, comprising the steps of: (a) ethenolysis of the fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of ethylene and an ethenolysis catalyst, and (b) isomerizing metathesis in the presence of an isomerization catalyst and a metathesis catalyst. The invention also relates to biofuels obtainable by the inventive process and to uses of ethylene for adjusting and optimizing biofuels.

Disclosed herein are processes for the decarboxylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and cyclization/aromatization of fatty acids involving contacting a starting material which is an unsaturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid derivative, or an unsaturated triglyceride, in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature at which decarboxylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and cyclization/aromatization occurs and recovering the unsaturated organic compound product; wherein the catalyst is chloro-1,5-cyclooctadiene iridium (I) dimer. The product may contain at least about 8% by volume aromatic content and less than about 25% by volume aromatic content, and wherein the product contains less than about 1% by volume of naphthalenes.

This invention relates to supported catalyst compositions of transition metal complexes of a dianionic, tridentate ligand that features a central neutral heterocyclic Lewis base and two phenolate donors, where the tridentate ligand coordinates to the metal center to form two eight-membered rings. Preferably the bis(phenolate) complexes are represented by Formula (I): ##STR00001##
where M, L, X, m, n, E, E′, Q, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.1′, R.sup.2′, R.sup.3′, R.sup.4′, A.sup.1, A.sup.1′, A.sup.3A.sup.2, and A.sup.2′A.sup.3′ are as defined herein, where A.sup.1QA.sup.1′ are part of a heterocyclic Lewis base containing 4 to 40 non-hydrogen atoms that links A.sup.2 to A.sup.2′ via a 3-atom bridge with Q being the central atom of the 3-atom bridge.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

Organic isocyanates are converted to ureas by heating in the presence of certain cobalt, magnesium, chromium and lanthanide series organometallic catalysts. The process requires no water or other reactants. The process is particularly useful for removing small quantities of monoisocyanates from a solvent stream recovered from a polyisocyanate manufacturing process. The urea compounds in some instances can be recycled back into the polyisocyanate manufacturing process and reacted with polyisocyanate compounds to form biurets.

Methods for simultaneously determining the concentrations of transition metal compounds in solutions containing two or more transition metal compounds are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems, and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.