In one aspect, phosphine compounds comprising three adamantyl moieties (PAd.sub.3) and associated synthetic routes are described herein. Each adamantyl moiety may be the same or different. For example, each adamantyl moiety (Ad) attached to the phosphorus atom can be independently selected from the group consisting of adamantane, diamantane, triamantane and derivatives thereof. Transition metal complexes comprising PAd.sub.3 ligands are also provided for catalytic synthesis including catalytic cross-coupling reactions.

Provided are new nickel./zirconium-mediated coupling reactions useful in the synthesis of ketone-containing compounds, e.g., halichondrin natural products and related molecules. A feature of the present disclosure is the use of a nickel(I) catalyst in tandem with a nickel (II) catalyst in the Ni/Zr-mediated coupling reactions. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the nickel (I) catalyst selectively activates the electrophilic coupling partner (i.e., the compound of Formula (A)), and the nickel(ll) catalyst selectively activates the nucleophilic coupling partner (i.e., a thioester of Formula (B)). This dual catalyst system leads to improved coupling efficiency and eliminates the need for a large excess of one of the coupling partners (i.e., a compound of Formula (A) or (B)).

The invention relates to a method for producing a formate, the method including reacting hydrogen with carbon dioxide, a hydrogen carbonate or a carbonate using a catalyst in the presence of a solvent, wherein the reaction is a two-phase system in which an organic solvent and an aqueous solvent are present in a separated state in the solvent, and the catalyst is at least one selected from a ruthenium complex represented by the formula (1) in the specification, a tautomer or stereoisomer thereof, and a salt compound of the complex, tautomer or stereoisomer.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I)

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where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 are each independently selected from —(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl; at least one of the R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 radicals is a —(C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl radical; and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, if they are —(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl or —(C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl, may each independently be substituted by one or more substituents selected from —(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, —O—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —O—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl-(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, —O—(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —S—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —S—(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —COO—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —COO—(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —CONH—(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —CO—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —CO—(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, —N—[(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl].sub.2, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-O—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —(C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-O—(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, —COOH, —OH, —SO.sub.3H, —NH.sub.2, halogen; and to the use thereof as ligands in alkoxycarbonylation.

Methods for the synthesis of (S)-1-((2′,6-bis(difluoromethyl)-[2,4′-bipyridin]-5-yl)oxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-2-amine and salts thereof are disclosed, as well as compounds useful therein.

This invention relates to novel hydrogenation catalyst compositions obtainable from reacting metal-based complex hydrogenation catalysts with specific co-catalysts and to a process for selectively hydrogenating nitrile rubbers in the presence of such novel hydrogenation catalyst compositions.

The present disclosure provides a method for efficiently producing and providing compounds having a spirooxindole skeleton, for example compounds having a spirooxindole skeleton and having antitumor activity that inhibit the interaction between Mdm2 protein and p53 protein, or intermediates thereof, using an asymmetric catalyst. Compounds having optically active tricyclic dispiroindole skeletons are obtained through catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction using ketimine as a reaction substrate and using a chiral ligand and a Lewis acid.

A mixture M includes at least one compound A, selected from (a1) a compound of the general formula (I) and/or (a2) a compound of the general formula (I′), at least one compound B, selected from (b1) a compound of the general formula (II) and/or (b2) a compound of the general formula (II′) and/or (b3) a compound of the general formula (II″), and at least one compound C, selected from cationic germanium(II) compounds of the general formula (III).

Disclosed is a nanocatalyst-type nanoscale composition including a nanoparticle semiconductor, plasmonic metal nanoparticles and an organic photosensitiser of the carbo-mer type. Also disclosed is a method for producing such a nano-catalyst. Also disclosed is use of the nanocatalyst for photoelectrolysis, in particular, for the photoelectrolysis of water, as well as to a power source including the nanocatalyst.

Disclosed is a method for preparing a borate ester on the basis of a tricyclopentadienyl rare earth metal complex, the method comprising the following steps: uniformly stirring and mixing a catalyst, a borane and a carbonyl compound for reaction to prepare a borate ester, wherein the catalyst is a tricyclopentadienyl rare earth metal complex; and the molecular formula of the tricyclopentadienyl rare earth metal complex can be expressed as: Ln(Cp).sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare metal selected from one of lanthanide elements. The preparation method has a higher catalytic activity, mild reaction conditions, a product that is easy to post-treat, a short reaction time, a low catalyst consumption amount, and a good range of applicable substrates, and can be used for industrial production.