A process for the selective removal of a component from a liquid phase and subsequently returning the component to a liquid phase is disclosed. A novel compound of formula (I) [SUP]-[[L]-[G]]a (I) in which L is a linking group, G is an aryl group having a leaving group LG selected from Cl, Br, I, sulfonate such as triflate, a diazo group, a nitrile, an ester and an alkoxy group and substituent Q is selected from H, NR2, OR, CO2R, F, Cl, NO2 CN and SUP is a support having a plurality of groups -[L]-[G] bound to the support is contacted with the liquid phase to bind the component to the compound I thereby forming a captured component which is separated from and may be returned to the liquid phase. The compound I is especially useful in binding homogeneous catalysts to remove it from a reaction medium and selectively returning the catalyst to the reaction medium at a later stage. The compound is particularly useful for cross-coupling reactions, for example in Suzuki reactions.

Process for Pd-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of diisobutene:ligand/Pd ratio.

Process for Pd-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of diisobutene:acetic acid/diisobutene ratio.

The metal-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of a lactone is a method of alkoxycarbonylating a -lactone, specifically 3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one. The method includes combining the -lactone with an alcohol in an organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst system that includes palladium or a salt thereof to form a reaction mixture, which is heated to 110-130 C. at a pressure of 20-50 bar for between 3-5 hours under flow of carbon monoxide gas. The product of the reaction is a substituted 2-octendioate diester. The alcohol may be methyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, or phenol. The solvent may be toluene, acetonitrile, or tetrahydrofuran. The method may include adding an acid to the reaction mixture, which may be dilute (about 5 mol %) sulfuric or p-toluenesulfonic acid. The catalyst system may also include a phosphine ligand.

The present disclosure provides a method for efficiently producing and providing compounds having a spirooxindole skeleton, for example compounds having a spirooxindole skeleton and having antitumor activity that inhibit the interaction between Mdm2 protein and p53 protein, or intermediates thereof, using an asymmetric catalyst. Compounds having optically active tricyclic dispiroindole skeletons are obtained through catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction using ketimine as a reaction substrate and using a chiral ligand and a Lewis acid.

Process for methoxycarbonylation with formic acid and methanol.

This invention is based on the discovery that homogeneous catalysts, [Rh(C.sub.2H.sub.4).sub.2Cl].sub.2 and/or [Rh(COD).sub.2][BF.sub.4], can be used to produce spinetoram in higher yields at lower catalyst loadings as compared to previous methodologies. In addition, one or more phosphorus ligand donors can also be added to further increase yields/efficiency. The methods and/or systems provided herein enable cost-effective ways to produce spinetoram in large quantity with relatively simple procedures.

There is provided a new and improved synthetic route for the synthesis of the compound 1-{2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-4-chlorobenzyl}-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one (Formula (I)) that is readily scalable for commercial production.

##STR00001##

Also provided are important intermediate compounds that are formed in the new and improved synthetic route for the synthesis of the compound of formula (I).

Disclosed are highly active cationic cobalt phosphine complexes, both mono- and bimetallic, that can catalyze hydroformylation reactions. The disclosed catalysts can be utilized in methods that provide reaction processes that are hundreds of times faster than high pressure HCo(CO).sub.4 or phosphine-modified HCo(CO).sub.3(PR.sub.3) catalysts and operate at considerably lower pressures and temperatures. Also disclosed are methods of hydroformylation using the described transition metal complexes. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

There is provided a method for preparing homofarnesol (1), the method comprising the steps of: a) providing homofarnesylnitrile (2); b) reacting homofarnesylnitrile (2) to homofarnesic acid (3); and c) reacting homofarnesic acid (3) to homofarnesol (1),
wherein the configuration of the double bonds in the compounds 1, 2 and 3 is preserved.