Described herein are catalytic hydrogenation and the use of ruthenium complexes having a bidentate diphosphine ligand or two monodentate phosphine ligands, two carboxylate ligands, and optionally a diamine ligand in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of imines into the corresponding amines.

A process of co-feeding gaseous ethylene with liquid allyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce 1,4-butanediol and n-propanol may include: introducing a gaseous mixture of ethylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen into a reactor in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst in a solvent; introducing liquid allyl alcohol (AA) into the reactor; and carrying out hydroformylation reaction at a temperature between 50 and 100° C. to obtain hydroformylation products.

Platinum complexes having binaphthyl-based diphosphine ligands for the selective catalysis of the hydroxycarbonylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds.

Platinum complexes having binaphthyldiphosphine ligands for the catalysis of the hydroxycarbonylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds.

Platinum complexes having 1,2-substituted benzyl-based diphosphine ligands for the catalysis of the alkoxycarbonylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds.

Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst including a reaction product of a chromium compound and a ligand having the structure according to Formula (II). In Formula (II), A and C may be independently chosen from phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and nitrogen; B may be a linking group between A and C; and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may be independently chosen from a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) heterohydrocarbyl. The catalyst system may include a co-catalyst including a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more quaternary salts; one or more organic acids, organic acid salts, esters, anhydrides, or combinations of these; one or more chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloro-aluminum alkyls, or combinations of these; one or more polyether alcohols; or one or more non-polymeric ethers.

Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst having a structure according to Formula (VI) or Formula (VII). In Formulas (VI) and (VII), X is a halogen, a (C.sub.2-C.sub.30) carboxylate, acetylacetonate, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.30) hydrocarbyl; L.sub.1 is a neutral coordinating ligand; n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryl, a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryloxy, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted alkoxy; and L∩L is a bidentate chelating ligand. The catalyst system may also include an aluminum containing agent which includes a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more quaternary salts.

Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst having a structure according to Formula (VI) or Formula (VII). In Formulas (VI) and (VII), X is a halogen, a (C.sub.2-C.sub.30) carboxylate, acetylacetonate, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.30) hydrocarbyl; L.sub.1 is a neutral coordinating ligand; n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is a (C.sub.6-C20)fluorine-substituted aryl, a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryloxy, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted alkoxy; and L∩L is a bidentate chelating ligand. The catalyst system may also include an aluminum containing agent which includes a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloro-aluminum alkyls, or combinations of these.

Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst having a structure according to Formula (VI) or Formula (VII). In Formulas (VI) and (VII), X is a halogen, a (C.sub.2-C.sub.30) carboxylate, acetylacetonate, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.30) hydrocarbyl; L.sub.1 is a neutral coordinating ligand; n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryl, a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryloxy, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted alkoxy; and L∩L is a bidentate chelating ligand. The catalyst system may also include an aluminum containing agent which includes a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more organic acids, organic acid salts, esters, anhydrides, or combinations of these.

Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst having a structure according to Formula (VI) or Formula (VII). In Formulas (VI) and (VII), X is a halogen, a (C.sub.2-C.sub.30) carboxylate, acetylacetonate, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.30) hydrocarbyl; L.sub.1 is a neutral coordinating ligand; n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryl, a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryloxy, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted alkoxy; and L∩L is a bidentate chelating ligand. The catalyst system may also include an aluminum containing agent which includes a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more polyether alcohols or one or more non-polymeric ethers.