Disclosed are single atom dispersions and multi-atom dispersions, and systems and methods for synthesizing the atomic dispersions. An exemplary method of synthesizing atomic dispersions includes: positioning a loaded substrate which includes a substrate which is loaded with at least one of: a precursor of an element or a cluster of an element, applying one or more temperature pulses to the loaded substrate where a pulse of the temperature pulse(s) applies a target temperature for a duration, maintaining a cooling period after the pulse, and providing single atoms of the element dispersed on the substrate after the one or more temperature pulses. The target temperature applied by the pulse is between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive, and the duration is between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive.

A method of synthesizing a doped carbon composite includes preparing a solution having a carbon source material and a heteroatom containing additive, evaporating the solution to yield a plurality of powders, and subjecting the plurality of powders to a heat treatment for a duration of time effective to produce the doped carbon composite.

The present invention relates to a catalyst for aromatization of alkanes having 4 to 7 carbon atoms, especially alkanes having carbon atoms. Said catalyst has the efficacy in the aromatics production with high conversion and high selectivity of aromatics or high yield of aromatics, wherein said catalyst comprises zeolite, at least 1 transition metal from group VIII transition metal in a range of 0.1 to 2% by weight based on the total weight of the catalyst, and at least 1 metal from group IIIA metal in a range of 0.1 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the catalyst. Said catalyst is treated and dried with a microwave at a power in a range from 400 to 1,000 watts after step of contacting with a solution comprising at least 1 transition metal salt from group VIII transition metal and after step of contacting with a solution comprising at least 1 group IIIA metal salt. Moreover, this invention also relates to a process for preparing said catalyst and a process of aromatics preparation using said catalyst.

A system for producing carbonaceous materials is disclosed that includes an energy source configured to emit microwave energy and a plasma reactor coupled to receive the microwave energy and configured to produce plasma in response to exposure of one or more process gases to the microwave energy. In some instances, the plasma reactor includes a first chamber having a rectangular cross-section and configured to receive the microwave energy from the energy source as sinusoidal waveform, a second chamber having a cylindrical cross-section and configured to receive microwave energy from the first chamber as a radial waveform having an energy maxima at a radial center of the cylindrical cross-section, the second chamber including an opening to receive one or more process gases and configured to ignite a plasma plume, and a gas-solid separator configured to separate solid materials from the plasma plume.

One or more first precursors can be provided on a substrate. The substrate with the one or more first precursors thereon can be subjected to multiple first heating cycles. Each first heating cycle can include a first temperature pulse applied to the substrate for a first duration and a first cooling period following the first temperature pulse. Each first temperature pulse can apply a temperature between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive. Each first duration can be between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive.

In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosure, in one aspect, relates to a chemical looping process for ammonia synthesis at low pressure. In various aspects, the present disclosure relates to compositions useful for chemical looping ammonia synthesis, methods of making same, methods of using the disclosed compositions to activate and store nitrogen in a catalyst composition at low pressure, and methods of utilizing the activated and stored nitrogen for production of ammonia at low temperature. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

A ZrO.sub.2/CaSiO.sub.3/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 nanocomposite material includes spherical metal oxide nanoparticles which include a ZrO.sub.2 phase and a CaSiO.sub.3 phase dispersed on a matrix of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 nanosheets. The spherical metal oxide nanoparticles have an average particle diameter in a range from 3 to 18 nanometers (nm). The ZrO.sub.2/CaSiO.sub.3/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 nanocomposite material has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area greater than or equal to 55 square meters per gram (m.sup.2.Math.g.sup.1).

The disclosure provides a TiO.sub.2-CQDs nanoflower photocatalyst, a photocatalytic thin film and an application, belonging to a technical field of photocatalyst for food processing. The TiO.sub.2-CQDs nanoflower photocatalyst includes TiO.sub.2 and CQDs doped with TiO.sub.2. the CQDs is derived from aloe extract. According to the disclosure, the extract obtained from natural aloe is used as a carbon source to provide CQDs, and TiO.sub.2 is modified to obtain the nanoflower photocatalyst and the photocatalytic thin film for catalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

A method of generating hydrogen includes contacting a graphite-phase carbon nitride, calcium metavanadate and calcium silicate (CaV.sub.2O.sub.6@CaSiO.sub.3@g-C.sub.3N.sub.4) nanocomposite with sodium borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) in water and hydrolyzing the sodium borohydride to generate hydrogen.

A porous CaV.sub.2O.sub.6/CaSiO.sub.3/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 nanocomposite includes a calcium metavanadate (CaV.sub.2O.sub.6), a calcium silicate (CaSiO.sub.3) and a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C.sub.3N.sub.4) where the CaV.sub.2O.sub.6, the CaSiO.sub.3 and the g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 are present in a mass ratio of 0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2. The CaV.sub.2O.sub.6 and CaSiO.sub.3 present in the nanocomposite forms a structure of homogeneous nanowire and the g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 forms a structure of a nanosheets where the nanowires are homogeneously distributed between the nanosheets. A method to synthesize the nanocomposite.