A multi-acid polymer disclosed herein has the formula

##STR00001##

wherein R is one or more units of a non-SOF.sub.2 or non-SO.sub.2Cl portion of a polymer precursor in sulfonyl fluoride or sulfonyl chloride form, X is a non-sulfonyl halide group of a multi-sulfonyl halide compound having a minimum of two acid giving groups, and Y is remaining sulfonyl halide groups of the multi-sulfonyl halide compound.

A multi-acid polymer disclosed herein has the formula

##STR00001##

wherein R is one or more units of a non-SOF.sub.2 or non-SO.sub.2Cl portion of a polymer precursor in sulfonyl fluoride or sulfonyl chloride form, X is a non-sulfonyl halide group of a multi-sulfonyl halide compound having a minimum of two acid giving groups, and Y is remaining sulfonyl halide groups of the multi-sulfonyl halide compound.

A method for producing a fluorosulfonyl group-containing compound to obtain a compound represented by the following formula 5 from a compound represented by the following formula 1 as a starting material and a method for producing a fluorosulfonyl group-containing monomer in which the fluorosulfonyl group-containing compound is used: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are a C.sub.1-3 alkylene group, and R.sup.F1 and R.sup.F2 are a C.sub.1-3 perfluoroalkylene group.

The present invention relates to a method of increasing the bioavailability and/or prolonging ophthalmic action of a drug, the method comprising instilling into the eye an aqueous suspension comprising reversible clusters of drug loaded nano-resin particles, said clusters having a D50 value of at least 2 micrometer and said drug loaded nano-resin particles have a particle size distribution characterized in that the D90 value is 70 nanometer to 900 nanometer. The present invention further relates to an aqueous suspension comprising reversible clusters of drug loaded nano-resin particles, said clusters have a D50 value of at least 2 micrometers and said drug loaded nano-resin particles have a particle size distribution characterized in that the D90 value is 70 nanometers to 900 nanometers.

The present invention relates to a method of increasing the bioavailability and/or prolonging ophthalmic action of a drug, the method comprising instilling into the eye an aqueous suspension comprising reversible clusters of drug loaded nano-resin particles, said clusters having a D50 value of at least 2 micrometer and said drug loaded nano-resin particles have a particle size distribution characterized in that the D90 value is 70 nanometer to 900 nanometer. The present invention further relates to an aqueous suspension comprising reversible clusters of drug loaded nano-resin particles, said clusters have a D50 value of at least 2 micrometers and said drug loaded nano-resin particles have a particle size distribution characterized in that the D90 value is 70 nanometers to 900 nanometers.

The present invention includes a novel salt-free water softening method that utilizes an exchange medium (such as a gel exchange polymer, a macroporous exchange polymer, or an inorganic cation exchanger) that is pre-loaded with a polyvalent cation that has low solubility in aqueous phase at nearly neutral pH. The method of the invention does not require use of a sodium salt or mineral acid in the regeneration of the exchange medium.

The present invention includes a novel salt-free water softening method that utilizes an exchange medium (such as a gel exchange polymer, a macroporous exchange polymer, or an inorganic cation exchanger) that is pre-loaded with a polyvalent cation that has low solubility in aqueous phase at nearly neutral pH. The method of the invention does not require use of a sodium salt or mineral acid in the regeneration of the exchange medium.

Provided is a method of forming a polymer, comprising (a) providing a reaction mixture comprising (i) one or more vinyl monomers, (ii) one or more pH-sensitive inhibition systems, (iii) one or more initiators, and (iv) water; (b) establishing conditions in said reaction mixture such that a free radical polymerization of said vinyl monomer occurs at a location, and (c) after steps (a) and (b) and prior to completion of said free radical polymerization, changing the pH of said reaction mixture to increase the rate of generation of said free radical polymerization at the location of said free radical polymerization.

Provided is a method of forming a polymer, comprising (a) providing a reaction mixture comprising (i) one or more vinyl monomers, (ii) one or more pH-sensitive inhibition systems, (iii) one or more initiators, and (iv) water; (b) establishing conditions in said reaction mixture such that a free radical polymerization of said vinyl monomer occurs at a location, and (c) after steps (a) and (b) and prior to completion of said free radical polymerization, changing the pH of said reaction mixture to increase the rate of generation of said free radical polymerization at the location of said free radical polymerization.

The electrochemical energy conversion system of the present disclosure includes an anode, a cathode, and an ion exchange membrane including a polymer having an aromatic polymer chain and an alkylated substrate including an alkyl chain, and at least one ionic group. The alkylated substrate is bound to at least one aromatic group in the polymer chain via Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the at least one aromatic group. The alkylation reaction utilizes a haloalkylated tertiary alcohol or a haloalkylated alkene as a precursor. In the presence of an acid catalyst, a carbocation is generated in the precursor which reacts with the aromatic rings of the polymer chain. The at least one ionic group is then replaced with a desired cationic or anionic group using a substitution reaction. The membranes exhibit advantageous stability achieved through a simplified and scalable reaction scheme.