Process to conduct a steam cracking reaction in a fluidized bed reactor The disclosure relates to a process to perform a steam cracking reaction, said process comprising the steps of providing a fluidized bed reactor comprising at least two electrodes; and a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are put in a fluidized state by passing upwardly through the said bed a fluid stream, to obtain a fluidized bed; heating the fluidized bed to a temperature ranging from 500? C. to 1200? C. to conduct the endothermic chemical reaction; wherein at least 10 wt. % of the particles based on the total weight of the particles of the bed are electrically conductive particles and have a resistivity ranging from 0.001 Ohm.Math.cm to 500 Ohm.Math.cm at 800? C. and in that the step of heating the fluidized bed is performed by passing an electric current through the fluidized bed.

The present invention is generally directed to a reactor for the production of low-carbon syngas from captured carbon dioxide and renewable hydrogen. The hydrogen is generated from water using an electrolyzer powered by renewable electricity or from any other method of low-carbon hydrogen production. The improved catalytic reactor is energy efficient and robust when operating at temperatures up to 1800 F. Carbon dioxide conversion efficiencies are greater than 75% with carbon monoxide selectivity of greater than 98%. The catalytic reactor is constructed of materials that are physically and chemically robust up to 1800 F. As a result, these materials are not reactive with the mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide or the carbon monoxide and steam products. The reactor materials do not have catalytic activity or modify the physical and chemical composition of the conversion catalyst. Electrical resistive heating elements are integrated into the catalytic bed of the reactor so that the internal temperature decreases by no more than 100 F. from the entrance at any point within the reactor. The catalytic process exhibits a reduction in performance of less than 0.5% per 1000 operational hours.

The disclosure relates to a process to perform an endothermic steam reforming of hydrocarbons, said process comprising the steps of providing a fluidized bed reactor comprising at least two electrodes and a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are put in a fluidized state to obtain a fluidized bed; heating the fluidized bed to a temperature ranging from 500? C. to 1200? C. by passing an electric current through the fluidized bed to conduct the endothermic reaction. The process is remarkable in that the particles of the bed comprise electrically conductive particles and particles of a catalytic composition, wherein at least 10 wt. % of the particles are electrically conductive particles and have a resistivity ranging from 0.001 to 500 Ohm.Math.cm at 800? C. and in that the step of heating the fluidized bed is performed by passing an electric current through the fluidized bed.

The disclosure relates to a process to perform a catalytic cracking reaction of hydrocarbons having at least four carbons, said process comprising the steps of providing a fluidized bed reactor comprising at least two electrodes and a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are put in a fluidized state to obtain a fluidized bed; heating said bed to a temperature between 500? C. and 850? C. by passing an electric current through the fluidized bed to conduct the reaction. The process is remarkable in that the particles of the bed comprise electrically conductive particles and particles of a catalytic composition, wherein at least 10 wt. % of the particles are electrically conductive particles and have a resistivity from 0.001 to 500 Ohm.cm at 500? C. and in that the step of heating the fluidized bed is performed by passing an electric current through the fluidized bed.

Processes for producing polycrystalline silicon by thermal decomposition of silane are disclosed. The processes generally involve thermal decomposition of silane in a fluidized bed reactor operated at reaction conditions that result in a high rate of productivity relative to conventional production processes.

A system for reactivating a catalyst having a predetermined heat content includes a reactor, a regenerator, and an electrically energized heater. The reactor is configured to generate a spent catalyst. The regenerator is configured to receive the spent catalyst from the reactor. The electrically energized heater has a plurality of energy emitting members at least partially immersed in the spent catalyst. The heater is configured to provide a supplemental heat content to obtain the predetermined heat content.

Processes and apparatuses for heating a hydrocarbon process stream, with an electrical heater to provide a portion of the heat requirement necessary for a chemical reaction to occur to one of the components of the hydrocarbon process stream. The electric heater may be in series or in parallel with a second, or main heater. The electric heater may be used between two reaction zones or between a feed exchange heater and a first reaction zone. The electric heater preferably provides between 5 to 40% of the heating requirement for the process stream.

An apparatus for hydrocarbon conversion, the apparatus including a reactor and a reactor insert secured and disposed within an interior cavity of the reactor, is described. The reactor is configured to permit addition of a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon at an upstream end of the reactor and to permit discharge of a product stream at a downstream end of the reactor. The reactor insert is configured to provide heat to the interior cavity to promote conversion of hydrocarbons as the feed stream moves from the upstream end of the reactor to the downstream end of the reactor. The products of the conversion reaction are discharged at the downstream end as part of the product stream. A method for hydrocarbon conversion using the apparatus is also described.

The disclosure relates to a process to perform an endothermic methane pyrolysis reaction, said process comprising the steps of providing at least one fluidized bed reactor comprising at least two electrodes; and a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are put in a fluidized state by passing upwardly through the said bed a fluid stream, to obtain a fluidized bed; heating the fluidized bed to a temperature ranging from 500? C. to 1200? C. to conduct the endothermic methane pyrolysis reaction; wherein the particles of the bed comprise electrically conductive particles and particles of a catalytic composition; wherein at least 10 wt. % of the particles are electrically conductive particles and have a resistivity ranging from 0.001 Ohm.Math.cm to 500 Ohm.Math.cm at 800? C. and wherein the step of heating the fluidized bed is performed by passing an electric current through the fluidized bed.

An apparatus for producing silicon from quartz, the apparatus comprising: a sealed enclosure defining an enclosed space in which a depression can be generated, an electric arc furnace housed inside the enclosure and including a tank for containing a mixture of reagents, remarkable in that the apparatus further comprises a lid housed in the enclosure and adapted to cover an upper opening of the tank.