A pressure vessel comprising a cylindrical middle section, at a first end of which there is provided a top end cover, and at the second end of which there is provided a bottom end cover, the pressure vessel comprising an outer casing, wherein at least in the cylindrical middle section there is provided an insulation arrangement on the inside of the outer casing, the insulation arrangement comprising at least one insulation material layer, and a protective layer provided on the inside of the insulation arrangement, wherein at least one insulation material layer comprises a plurality of insulation material plates, especially ceramic fibre plates, and/or the protective layer comprises a plurality of protective plates, and wherein the cylindrical middle section is provided with a plurality of rings adapted to secure the at least one insulation layer and/or the protective layer to the outer casing.

A chemical reactor that combines a pressure vessel, heat exchanger, heater, and catalyst holder into a single device is disclosed. The chemical reactor described herein reduces the cost of the reactor and reduces its parasitic heat losses. The disclosed chemical reactor is suitable for use in ammonia (NH.sub.3) synthesis.

A process is proposed for producing pure hydrogen by steam reforming of a feed gas comprising hydrocarbons, preferably natural gas or naphtha, with a simultaneously low and preferably adjustable export steam flow rate. The process includes the steam reforming of the feed gas, for which the heat of reaction required is provided by combustion of one or more fuel gases with combustion air in a multitude of burners arranged within the reformer furnace. According to the invention, the combustion air, before being introduced into the burners, is heated by means of at least one heat exchanger in indirect heat exchange with the hot flue gas to temperatures of at least 530° C.

A process for steam or dry reforming of hydrocarbons in a reforming reactor, comprising the steps of: (a) passing a feedstock, comprising one or more hydrocarbons together with steam and/or CO.sub.2, through a first catalytic zone at an elevated temperature, to form a partly reformed process gas, wherein the first catalytic zone comprises one or more elongate conduits, each containing reforming catalyst; and (b) passing the partly reformed process gas through a second catalytic zone at an elevated temperature, so as to form a reformed gas stream, wherein the second catalytic zone comprises one or more elongate conduits, each containing reforming catalyst; wherein the process further comprises the combustion of a fluid fuel with a combustion-sustaining medium in an exothermic combustion region, to form a hot combustion products stream, wherein the exothermic combustion region is adjacent to and laterally surrounds each of the second catalytic zone elongate conduits.

The present invention relates to a process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, comprising the steps: i) providing a stream A comprising at least one starting compound selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane; and ii) in an adiabatic reactor comprising a fixed bed composed of an inlet and an outlet, bringing said stream A into contact, in the presence or absence of a catalyst, with HF in order to produce a stream B comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, characterized in that the temperature at the inlet of the fixed bed of said adiabatic reactor is between 300° C. and 400° C. and the longitudinal temperature difference between the inlet of the fixed bed and the outlet of the fixed bed of said reactor is less than 20° C.

The present invention relates to a process for producing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, comprising the steps: i) providing a stream A comprising at least one chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene and 2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropene; and ii) in an adiabatic reactor comprising a fixed bed composed of an inlet and an outlet, bringing said stream A into contact, in the presence or absence of a catalyst, with HF in order to produce a stream B comprising 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, characterized in that the temperature at the inlet of the fixed bed of said adiabatic reactor is between 300° C. and 400° C. and the longitudinal temperature difference between the inlet of the fixed bed and the outlet of the fixed bed of said reactor is less than 20° C.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the oxidative coupling of methane to generate hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (C.sub.2+ compounds). The method can include mixing a first gas stream comprising methane with a second gas stream comprising oxygen to form a third gas stream comprising methane and oxygen and performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using the third gas stream to produce a product stream comprising one or more C.sub.2+ compounds.

A process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene comprises the steps: i) in a first adiabatic reactor comprising a fixed bed composed of an inlet and an outlet, bringing 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene into contact with hydrofluoric acid in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst to produce a stream A comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, HF and unreacted 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene; and ii) in a second adiabatic reactor comprising a fixed bed composed of an inlet and an outlet, bringing hydrofluoric acid into contact in the gas phase, optionally in the presence of a catalyst, with at least one chlorinated compound to produce a stream B comprising 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The stream A obtained in step i) feeds said second reactor. The inlet temperature of the fixed bed of one of said first or second reactors is between 300° C. and 400° C. The longitudinal temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the fixed bed in question is less than 20° C.

The present invention relates to a process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, comprising the steps: i) providing a stream A comprising at least one starting compound selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane; and ii) in an adiabatic reactor comprising a fixed bed composed of an inlet and an outlet, bringing said stream A into contact, in the presence or absence of a catalyst, with HF in order to produce a stream B comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, characterized in that the temperature at the inlet of the fixed bed of said adiabatic reactor is between 300° C. and 400° C. and the longitudinal temperature difference between the inlet of the fixed bed and the outlet of the fixed bed of said reactor is less than 20° C.

Systems and methods for making ceramic powders configured with consistent, tailored characteristics and/or properties are provided herein. In some embodiments a system for making ceramic powders, includes: a reactor body having a reaction chamber and configured with a heat source to provide a hot zone along the reaction chamber; a sweep gas inlet configured to direct a sweep gas into the reaction chamber and a sweep gas outlet configured to direct an exhaust gas from the reaction chamber; a plurality of containers, within the reactor body, configured to retain at least one preform, wherein each container is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow therethrough, wherein the preform is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow there through, such that the precursor mixture is reacted in the hot zone to form a ceramic powder product having uniform properties.