A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil, the process involving: mixing a quantity of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a quantity of Activating Gas mixture to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture from the feedstock mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil liquid components of the Process Mixture from the gaseous components and by-product hydrocarbon components of the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil is compliant with ISO 8217 for residual marine fuel oils and the Environmental Contaminants, which are selected from the group consisting of: a sulfur; vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminum and silicon and combinations thereof, have concentration less than 0.5 wt %. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as or as a blending stock for an ISO 8217 compliant, IMO MARPOL Annex VI (revised) compliant low sulfur or ultralow sulfur heavy marine fuel oil.

Processes and associated reaction systems for the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably ethane or propane, more preferably ethane, are provided. In particular, a process is provided that comprises supplying a feed gas comprising the alkane and oxygen to a reactor vessel that comprises an upstream and downstream catalyst bed; contacting the feed gas with an oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in the upstream catalyst bed, followed by contact with an oxidative dehydrogenation/oxygen removal catalyst in the downstream catalyst bed, to yield a reactor effluent comprising the alkene; and supplying an upstream coolant to an upstream shell space of the reactor vessel from an upstream coolant circuit and a downstream coolant to a downstream shell space of the reactor vessel from a downstream coolant circuit.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the oxidative coupling of methane to generate hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (C.sub.2+ compounds). The method can include mixing a first gas stream comprising methane with a second gas stream comprising oxygen to form a third gas stream comprising methane and oxygen and performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using the third gas stream to produce a product stream comprising one or more C.sub.2+ compounds.

Organochlorosilanes are produced by reacting, in a fluidized bed reactor, a chloromethane-containing reactant gas with a particulate contact mass containing silicon and a catalyst, wherein the organochlorosilanes have the general formula (CH.sub.3).sub.nHSiCl.sub.4-n-m where n=1 to 3 and m=0 or 1, wherein the process is characterized by three dimensions indices K1-K3, which are respectively associated with the reactor, the contact mass, and the reaction conditions, and which are maintained within specified bounds.

A steam reformer is provided which comprises at least one externally-heated tube. Each tube comprises a first catalyst bed comprising a first catalyst in particulate form and a second catalyst supported on a structure, wherein said first catalyst bed is located between the inlet of the tube and the second catalyst supported on said structure. A process for steam reforming of a feed gas mixture using said steam reformer is also provided.

A bi-modal radial flow reactor comprising a cylindrical outer housing surrounding at least five cylindrical, concentric zones, including at least three annulus vapor zones and at least two catalyst zones. The at least two catalyst zones comprise an outer catalyst zone and an inner catalyst zone. The at least three annulus vapor zones comprise an outer annulus vapor zone, a middle annulus vapor zone, and a central annulus vapor zone, wherein the central annulus vapor zone extends along a centerline of the bi-modal radial flow reactor. The outer catalyst zone is intercalated with the outer annulus vapor zone and the middle annulus vapor zone, and the inner catalyst zone is intercalated with the middle annulus vapor zone and the central annulus vapor zone. A removable head cover can be fixably coupled to a top of the cylindrical outer housing to seal a top of the bi-modal radial flow reactor.

A method for producing (meth)acrolein by vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of propylene or isobutylene in a multitubular reactor including a plurality of reaction tubes, the reaction tubes each including a reaction zone filled with a catalyst including molybdenum oxide and a cooling zone filled with an inert substance, wherein a temperature of a heat medium that flows outside the cooling zone is lower than a temperature of a heat medium that flows outside the reaction zone, and wherein the inert substance includes an inert substance having a major-axis length that is equal to or more than 1.7 times a major-axis length of the catalyst. A method for producing (meth)acrylic acid in which (meth)acrolein thus produced is converted to (meth)acrylic acid by vapor-phase catalytic oxidation.

A device configured to be interposed between a lower layer and an upper layer of particles arranged inside a cylindrical shell, thereby limiting or preventing the migration of particles between the layers.

Known catalyst systems for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides consist of a plurality of single- or multilayer catalyst gauzes warp-knitted, weft-knitted or woven from platinum-based noble metal wire, which, when arranged one behind the other in a fresh gas flow direction, form a front group of gauze layers and at least one downstream group of gauze layers arranged after the front group. To provide from this starting point a catalyst system for use in a medium-pressure plant for ammonia oxidation, with which a high service life and a high yield of the main product NO can be achieved, it is proposed that the front group comprises a gauze layer or a plurality of gauze layers made of a first, rhodium-rich noble metal wire, wherein the gauze layer or one of the gauze layers made of the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is a front gauze layer facing the fresh gas, and that the downstream group comprises gauze layers made of a second, rhodium-poor noble metal wire, wherein the rhodium content in the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is at least 7 wt. % and no more than 9 wt. % and is at least 1 percentage point higher than the rhodium content in the rhodium-poor noble metal wire

A method for directly producing methyl acetate and/or acetic acid from syngas, carried out in at least two reaction zones, including: feeding a raw material containing syngas into a first reaction zone to contact and react with a metal catalyst; allowing an obtained effluent to enter a second reaction zone directly or after the addition of carbon monoxide so as to contact and react with a solid acid catalyst; separating the obtained effluent to obtain product of acetate and/or acetic acid, and optionally returning a residual part to enter the first reaction zone and/or the second reaction zone to recycle the reaction. By the method above, the product selectivity of the product of methyl acetate or acetic acid is greater than 93%, and the quantity of methyl acetate and acetic acid may be adjusted according to processing.