A reformer unit and high temperature, pressure, or both variable orifice flow controller is provided. The reformer unit may have a reforming section, a heat exchanging section, and a bypass section. The bypass section provides a flow path for the hydrocarbon-containing fuel around the reforming section and has a variable orifice flow controller positioned in the bypassing flow path.

A fuel cell system having a fuel cell stack, comprising an anode portion and a cathode portion, a source of hydrocarbon fuel, and a reformer unit having one or more cold-side, reforming passages, a fuel supply conduit, a reformate exhaust conduit, one or more hot-side channels, a cathode exhaust conduit, a cathode inlet conduit, one or more bypass channels having non-reforming passages for fuel to bypass the cold-side channels, and a flow controller for controlling the flowrate in the bypass channels, and methods for operating the same, is provided.

The present disclosure provides a method of producing a solid carbon material. The method comprises providing a carbon-containing material formed through the heat treatment of carbonaceous feedstock. The carbon-containing material is capable of undergoing polymerisation. The method further comprises mixing the carbon-containing material with a polymerisation agent to form a material mixture. In addition, the method comprises heating the material mixture to a temperature at which polymerisation of the material mixture occurs so as to produce the solid carbon material. The method also comprises adding a further material into the material mixture before polymerisation.

A system for producing synthetic fuel comprises a reactor having a first reaction zone for implementing a first reaction in which carbon dioxide and hydrogen react to produce carbon monoxide and water, and at least one other reaction zone for implementing a second reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen react to produce a fuel precursor, and a third reaction involving synthesizing fuel from said fuel precursor. The reaction zones are inter-connected in series by a fluid circuit is configured to circulate and recirculate fluid around the reactor to facilitate recycling of reactants and heat energy. The system facilitates low-energy. cost-efficient production of liquid e-fuels.

The present disclosure relates to reactor components and their use, e.g., in regenerative reactors. A process and apparatus for utilizing different wetted areas along the flow path of a fluid in a pyrolysis reactor, e.g., a thermally regenerating reactor, such as a regenerative, reverse-flow reactor, is described.

A multiple stage synthesis gas generation system is disclosed including a high radiant heat flux reactor, a gasifier reactor control system, and a Steam Methane Reformer (SMR) reactor. The SMR reactor is in parallel and cooperates with the high radiant heat flux reactor to produce a high quality syngas mixture for MeOH synthesis. The resultant products from the two reactors may be used for the MeOH synthesis. The SMR provides hydrogen rich syngas to be mixed with the potentially carbon monoxide rich syngas from the high radiant heat flux reactor. The combination of syngas component streams from the two reactors can provide the required hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio for methanol synthesis. The SMR reactor control system and a gasifier reactor control system interact to produce a high quality syngas mixture for the MeOH synthesis.

There is disclosed a surprising reaction of an alkane thiol with a catalyst and heat to become dehydrogenated and form a thiophene rather than an expected desulfurization reaction to form the corresponding alkane or alkene. Moreover, there are disclosed surprising results regarding the form of a catalyst to allow a reaction of an alkane thiol to form the dehydrogenated thiophene at lower temperatures and at higher conversion percentages to allow for more efficient recovery of thiophenes to allow for recycling and reuse of thiophenes to hydrogenate to form alkane thiols. Further still, there is disclosed a set of reaction conditions and catalyst presentation that allows for recovery of usable diatomic hydrogen gas from a dehydrogenation reaction of substituted or unsubstituted cyclic thioethers to substituted or unsubstituted thiophene.

The invention relates to hydrocarbon dehydrocyclization to produce products such as aromatic hydrocarbon, to equipment and materials useful for dehydrocyclization, to processes for carrying out dehydrocyclization, and to the use of dehydrocyclization for, e.g., natural gas upgrading. The dehydrocyclization is carried out in a catalytic reaction zone of a reverse-flow reactor.

Processes and units are provided, which carry out cyclic steps of zinc oxidation and reduction of zinc oxide to combine an exothermic heat delivering step with an endothermic syngas production step, respectively. Both steps use zinc as the pivotal element that enables the process to be carried out cyclically. Heat is delivered from the exothermic step to the endothermic syngas via heat storage elements of various types which are arranged according to the reaction's conditions and characteristic temperatures. Thus, energy efficient syngas production methods and units are provided.

The present invention relates to plate elements for the construction of a reactor module for carrying out endothermic reactions at high temperatures, the plate elements being designed in such a way that all reactant gases are heated by flowing around heating elements and the reaction zone is heated at the same time. The present invention also relates to reactor modules and reactor systems using the plate elements according to the invention pressed against each other, as well as the corresponding methods for efficiently carrying out endothermic chemical reactions, in particular the rWGS reaction.