A process of controlling hydroformylation reaction fluid temperature involves controlling the flow rate of reaction fluid through an external heat exchanger.

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure include methods of improving the activity of an at least partially non-active Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalyst in a tubular FT reactor, which includes heating a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to a vapor state, using the heated HTF in the vapor state to achieve and maintain the at least partially non-active FT catalyst at a predetermined stage temperature; and exposing the at least partially non-active FT catalyst to at least one stage FT catalyst activity-related gas for a stage duration of time to increase the activity of the FT catalyst to a desired level. Other methods, systems and apparatuses are also disclosed.

A method is described that includes contacting an olefin with a catalyst in a polymerization reactor, polymerizing at least a portion of the olefin to form an alpha olefin reaction product, detecting a condition within the polymerization reactor, determining an average temperature of at least one olefin product particle based on the condition, determining an operating particle temperature threshold using a foul curve, comparing the average temperature of the polymer particle to the operating particle temperature threshold, changing one or more operating parameters in response to the comparing, and maintaining the average temperature of the olefin polymer particle at or below the operating particle temperature threshold in response to changing the one or more operating parameters. The alpha olefin reaction product includes a plurality of olefin polymer particles, and the polymerization reactor includes a reaction mixture that includes the olefin, the catalyst, a diluent, and the alpha olefin reaction product.

The present embodiments include systems and methods for converting ortho hydrogen to para hydrogen using, for example, a heat exchange wall that may be coated with a catalyst material.

The present disclosure relates to a hydrogen reforming system including a reforming part configured to produce a reformed gas containing hydrogen by allowing a source gas and pure water to react with each other, a source gas supply line connected to the reforming part and configured to supply the source gas, a pure water supply line connected to the source gas supply line and configured to supply the pure water, a discharge line configured to discharge the reformed gas from the reforming part, and a heating part configured to selectively heat at least any one of the source gas and the pure water. The source gas and the pure water are to be supplied to the reforming part by using waste heat of the reformed gas discharged from the reforming part, thereby obtaining an advantageous effect of improving stability, reliability, and reforming efficiency.