The invention relates to methods and apparatus of measuring real time temperature conditions within a reformer. The data is then used for process control optimization, overheat protection, and improved creep damage and fatigue life prediction.

The invention relates to a method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of: (a) providing a reactor with a fixed bed of reduced Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal; (b) supplying a gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor, wherein the gaseous feed stream initially comprises a nitrogen-containing compound other than molecular nitrogen in an initial concentration in the range of from 0.1 to 50 ppmv based on the volume of the gaseous feed stream; (c) converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at an initial reaction temperature, wherein the initial reaction temperature is set at a value of at least 200 C. and hydrocarbons are produced at a first yield; (d) maintaining the initial reaction temperature at the set value and maintaining the first yield by decreasing the concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound in the gaseous feed stream supplied to the reactor; (e) optionally increasing the reaction temperature after the concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound in the gaseous feed stream has decreased to a value below 100 ppbv.

The present invention relates to a steam to carbon ratio control device including: a heat source, and an evaporation mixer and a steam separator interconnected by pipelines, said connecting pipelines of the evaporation mixer and the steam separator are provided with a temperature control device and a pressure control device, said evaporation mixer is provided with a natural gas inlet, a desalinated water inlet and a mixed gas outlet, the inlet of said heat source is connected with a end closer to the natural gas inlet of the evaporation mixer, the outlet of said heat source is connected to a end closer to the mixed gas outlet. Comparing with the prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is that it can accurately control the proportion of natural gas to steam and stably control the flow rates of natural gas and steam.

In an example, a method of butadiene sequestration includes receiving an input stream that includes butadiene. The method includes directing the input stream to a first sulfur dioxide charged zeolite bed for butadiene sequestration via a first chemical reaction of butadiene and sulfur dioxide to form sulfolene.

Systems and methods conducive to the formation of one or more alkene hydrocarbons using a methane source and an oxidant in an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction are provided. One or more vessels each containing one or more catalyst beds containing one or more catalysts each having similar or differing chemical composition or physical form may be used. The one or more catalyst beds may be operated under a variety of conditions. At least a portion of the catalyst beds may be operated under substantially adiabatic conditions. At least a portion of the catalyst beds may be operated under substantially isothermal conditions.

A method of monitoring a solid component of a reactor feed stream in a polymer production system, comprising (a) measuring a turbidity of the reactor feed stream, wherein the reactor feed stream comprises a solid component of a polymerization catalyst system, and (b) translating the turbidity of the reactor feed stream into a concentration of the solid component in the reactor feed stream. A method of monitoring a solid component of a reactor feed stream in a polymer production system, comprising (a) measuring a turbidity of a precontactor feed stream, wherein the precontactor feed stream comprises a solid component of a polymerization catalyst system, and (b) translating the turbidity of the precontactor feed stream into a concentration of the solid component in a precontactor effluent stream, wherein the precontactor effluent stream comprises the reactor feed stream.

A depolymerization reaction monitoring device includes: a depolymerization reaction tank that causes a depolymerization reaction in which a polyester is decomposed into a depolymerized product by using a depolymerization material; a characteristic measuring unit that measures a characteristic of the depolymerization material in which the depolymerized product is dissolved at the depolymerization reaction tank; and a progress monitoring unit that monitors progress of the depolymerization reaction based on the characteristic of the depolymerization material measured by the characteristic measuring unit.

A method of determining multimodal polyethylene quality comprising the steps of (a) providing a multimodal polyethylene resin sample; (b) determining, in any sequence, the following: that the multimodal polyethylene resin sample has a melt index within 30% of a target melt index; that the multimodal polyethylene resin sample has a density within 2.5% of a target density; that the multimodal polyethylene resin sample has a dynamic viscosity deviation (% MVD) from a target dynamic viscosity of less than about 100%; that the multimodal polyethylene resin sample has a weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) deviation (% M.sub.wD) from a target M.sub.w of less than about 20%; and that the multimodal polyethylene resin sample has a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) curve profile deviation (% GPCD) from a target GPC curve profile of less than about 15%; and (c) responsive to step (b), designating the multimodal polyethylene resin sample as a high quality resin.

An apparatus for partial oxidation hydrocarbons includes a mixing chamber configured to receive a first gas feed stream and a second gas feed stream. One of the first gas feed stream and the second gas feed stream includes a hydrocarbon-containing gas while the other includes an oxygen-containing gas. The mixing chamber includes an outer tube section having a first input port configured to receive the first gas feed stream and an internal flow diverter mounted internally to the outer tube section. The internal flow diverter includes a second input port that receives the second feed gas stream and a flow diverter wall that defines a central flow channel configured for the second gas feed stream to flow therethrough. A tubular flow reactor is configured to support the partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon-containing gas as it flows axially therethrough.