Methods and techniques for controlled printing of a cell sample for karyotyping are provided. The methods can involve matrix printing using on-the-fly printing or dispensing to accurately spread cells within at least one cell sample on a surface in preparation for karyotyping, and further analysis. Advantageously, the methods result in a uniform distribution of chromosomes of the cell suspension or sample on the surface of a substrate which can be substantially discretely identified, and also provide for efficiency in a subsequent staining process and any further analysis of the stained chromosomes using a microscope or other imaging device.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

Described herein are methods for polynucleotide synthesis. In some aspects, the methods may provide for synthesis of DNA sequences having full length sequences of 100 to 350 bases in length. In some aspects, the methods may provide for a synthesis rate of 10 to 25 nucleotides per hour. In some aspects, the methods may include receiving first instructions in a computer readable non-transient medium, processing the first instructions, and transmitting second instructions to a device for synthesis of polynucleotides.