A composition for measuring binding to HLA proteins has a substrate having a surface and a first array of HLA protein spots indirectly attached to the surface of the substrate. Each HLA protein within each spot is entrapped within a matrix that retains the native three-dimensional structure of the HLA protein while the HLA protein is indirectly attached to the surface. Also disclosed is a formulation to link protein to a solid support that has one or more proteins, a matrix, and one or more non-volatile water-soluble protein solvents, solutes, or combination thereof in an aqueous solution. The matrix is a cross-linked Oligo-dT network, a cross-linked Oligo-U network, a protein network having at least one protein, or a combination thereof.

Methods and compositions are disclosed relating to the localization of nucleic acids to arrays such as silane-free arrays, and of sequencing the nucleic acids localized thereby.

Methods of producing substrates having selected active chemical regions by employing elements of the substrates in assisting the localization of active chemical groups in desired regions of the substrate. The methods may include optical, chemical and/or mechanical processes for the deposition, removal, activation and/or deactivation of chemical groups in selected regions of the substrate to provide selective active regions of the substrate.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

This disclosure provides methods and devices for the label-free detection of target molecules of interest. The principles of the disclosure are particularly applicable to the detection of biological molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) using standard SiO2-based microarray technology.

Molecules or salts thereof are provided, having the structure in Formula I,

wherein n.sup.2 and n.sup.4 are the same or different and are independently 1, 2, or 3, and n.sup.3 is 1 to 20;
X is oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur;
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are as described herein.

Methods are also provided for the synthesis of and use of the provided molecules in applications for diagnostic testing.

In a polymer assay cartridge having wells containing reagents, beads and sample, where the wells are covered (e.g., with Parafilm® or films) and shipped to the point of care, the reagents and well contents can leak out. The reagent solutions are made semi-solid by adding hydrogel reagents and cooling to form a gel. Preferably, the hydrogel is heated before an assay is conducted with the cartridge, and pigmented beads in the wells indicate melting or excessive heating, or congealing of the hydrogel, based on pigment color change.

A chemical synthesis platform based on a particularly simple chip is described herein, where reactions take place atop a hydrophobic substrate patterned with a circular hydrophilic liquid trap. The overall supporting hardware (heater, rotating carousel of reagent dispensers, etc.) can be packaged into a very compact format (about the size of a coffee cup). We demonstrate the consistent synthesis of [.sup.18F]fallypride with high yield, and show that protocols optimized using a high-throughput optimization platform we have developed can be readily translated to this device with no changes or reoptimization.

Precursors for forming a plurality of multielement materials of different compositions can be deposited on different portions of a common substrate according to a combinatorial approach. The substrate can be subjected to a thermal shock, thereby converting the deposited precursors into separate multielement materials on the substrate. The thermal shock can be a temperature greater than or equal to 500° C. and a duration less than 60 seconds. In some embodiments, each multielement material can be tested with respect to an electrical property, a chemical property, or an optical property. Based on the results of the testing, a composition of a multielement material can be determined for use in a predetermined application, such as use as a catalyst, a plasmonic nanoparticle, an energy storage device, an optoelectronic device, a solid-state electrolyte, or an ion conductive membrane.