There is disclosed an electrode array device having an adsorbed porous reaction layer for improved synthesis quality. The array comprises a plurality of electrodes on a substrate, wherein the electrodes are electronically connected to a computer control system. The array has an adsorbed porous reaction layer on the plurality of electrodes, wherein the adsorbed porous reaction layer comprises a chemical species having at least one hydroxyl group. In the preferred embodiment, the reaction layer is sucrose. A method for preparing an electrode array for improved synthesis quality is disclosed. The method comprises a cleaning method and a method of attachment of a reaction layer. The cleaning method comprises a plasma cleaning method and a chemical cleaning method. The reaction layer is attached after cleaning by exposing the microarray to a solution containing the chemical species having at least one hydroxyl group.

A system may include a first conduit configured to form a first batch of discrete volumes of aqueous fluid separated by spacing liquid disposed between consecutive volumes of aqueous fluid, the spacing liquid being immiscible with the aqueous fluid volumes; a second conduit, fluidically coupled to the first conduit, the second conduit configured to statically hold the first batch of discrete volumes of aqueous fluid; and a third conduit configured to receive the first batch of discrete volumes of aqueous fluid from the second conduit. The third conduit can be configured to transfer the discrete volumes of aqueous fluid of the first batch for downstream processing.

Biomolecule arrays on a substrate are described which contain a plurality of biomolecules, such as coding nucleic acids and/or isolated polypeptides, at a plurality of discrete, isolated, locations. The arrays can be used, for example, in high throughput genomics and proteomics for specific uses including, but not limited molecular diagnostics for early detection, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, monitoring clinical response, and protein crystallography.

A composition for measuring binding to HLA proteins has a substrate having a surface and a first array of HLA protein spots indirectly attached to the surface of the substrate. Each HLA protein within each spot is entrapped within a matrix that retains the native three-dimensional structure of the HLA protein while the HLA protein is indirectly attached to the surface. Also disclosed is a formulation to link protein to a solid support that has one or more proteins, a matrix, and one or more non-volatile water-soluble protein solvents, solutes, or combination thereof in an aqueous solution. The matrix is a cross-linked Oligo-dT network, a cross-linked Oligo-U network, a protein network having at least one protein, or a combination thereof.

Provided are the nucleic acid-mediated pattern replication and a method of manufacturing a 2-D material using the same. A method of manufacturing a 2-D material according to an embodiment may include preparing a first material having a first nucleic acid patterned on a surface thereof, bonding a linker-nucleic acid to the first nucleic acid, bonding the first nucleic acid and a second nucleic acid attached to a surface of a second material through the linker-nucleic acid and replicating a pattern of the first material to the surface of the second material, separating the first material, and applying a third material on a pattern replicated to the surface of the second material.

Methods of preparing a crosslinked hydraulic fracturing fluid include combining a hydraulic fracturing fluid comprising a polyacrylamide polymer with a plurality of coated proppants. The plurality of coated proppants include a proppant particle and a resin proppant coating on the proppant particle. The resin proppant coating includes resin and a zirconium oxide crosslinker. The resin includes at least one of phenol, furan, epoxy, urethane, phenol-formaldehyde, polyester, vinyl ester, and urea aldehyde. Methods further include allowing the zirconium oxide crosslinker within the resin proppant coating to crosslink the polyacrylamide polymer within the hydraulic fracturing fluid at a pH of at least 10, thereby forming the crosslinked hydraulic fracturing fluid.

Systems, computer program products, and methods for using a flow cell array are provided herein. A computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a device to cause the device to deliver multiple items of chemical matter independently to multiple reaction sites of a flow cell array across multiple distinct instances of time; image multiple parallel chemical reactions at the multiple reaction sites of the flow cell array; and record an emission from each of the multiple chemical reactions site.

Microarrays, hybridization seals and related methods. An apparatus includes a substrate including a plurality of probes and a hybridization seal. The hybridization seal includes an evaporation barrier and a layer including walls that form a grid pattern and define a plurality of sample chambers that are to receive fluid. The layer includes a first side removably coupled to the substrate and a second side that is coupled to the evaporation barrier. The evaporation barrier includes barrier sections that cover the probes and include one or more slits that allow the barrier sections to have a convex profile or a concave profile depending on an amount of the fluid within the corresponding sample chamber.

An array of membranes comprising amphipathic molecules is formed using an apparatus comprising a support defining an array of compartments. Volumes comprising polar medium are provided within respective compartments and a layer comprising apolar medium is provided extending across the openings with the volumes. Polar medium is flowed across the support to displace apolar medium and form a layer in contact with the volumes, forming membranes comprising amphipathic molecules at the interfaces. In one construction of the apparatus, the support that comprises partitions which comprise inner portions and outer portions. The inner portions define inner recesses without gaps therebetween that are capable of constraining the volumes comprising polar medium contained in neighbouring inner recesses from contacting each other. The outer portions extend outwardly from the inner portions and have gaps allowing the flow of an apolar medium across the substrate.

There is disclosed an electrode array architecture employing continuous and discontinuous circumferential electrodes. There is further disclosed a process for the neutralization of acid generated at anode(s) by base generated at cathode(s) circumferentially located to each other so as to confine a region of pH change. The cathodes can be displayed as concentric rings (continuous) or as counter electrodes in a cross pattern (discontinuous). In this way reagents, such as acid, generated in a center electrode are countered (neutralized) by reagents, such as base, generated at the corners or at the outer ring.