Systems and methods for molten media pyrolysis for the conversion of methane into hydrogen and carbon-containing particles are disclosed. The systems and methods include the introduction of seed particles into the molten media to facilitate the growth of larger, more manageable carbon-containing particles. Additionally or alternatively, the systems and methods can include increasing the residence time of carbon-containing particles within the molten media to facilitate the growth of larger carbon-containing particles.

A chemical reaction method includes preparing a chemical reaction apparatus including a horizontal flow reactor partitioned into multiple chambers by multiple partition plates. A liquid content horizontally flows with an unfilled space provided thereabove. a microwave generator and a waveguide that transmits microwaves to the unfilled space are also included. The reactor is inclined such that, in each of the chambers, a weir height on an inlet side is higher than a weir height on an outlet side by at least an overflow depth at the partition plate on the outlet side. The content is flowed over each of the multiple partition plates inside the reactor. The content flowing inside the reactor is irradiated with microwaves. The inclination angle of the reactor is changed in each of the chambers so that a weir height on an inlet side is higher than a weir height on an outlet side.

A polymerization device that includes: a reaction vessel that houses a polymerization solution and in which a polymerization reaction is performed; a stirring blade that stirs the polymerization solution housed in the reaction vessel; a plurality of heat transfer pipes that transfer heat to the polymerization solution in order to start the polymerization reaction and cause the polymerization reaction to proceed, and that remove, from the polymerization solution, heat generated by the polymerization reaction; and a baffle arranged between a vessel wall of the reaction vessel and the heat transfer pipes.

A polymerization device that includes: a reaction vessel that houses a polymerization solution and in which a polymerization reaction is performed; a stirring blade that stirs the polymerization solution housed in the reaction vessel; a plurality of heat transfer pipes that transfer heat to the polymerization solution in order to start the polymerization reaction and cause the polymerization reaction to proceed, and that remove, from the polymerization solution, heat generated by the polymerization reaction; and a baffle arranged between a vessel wall of the reaction vessel and the heat transfer pipes.

Provided are a device for continuously producing poly(arylene sulfide) (hereinafter, referred to as PAS) and a method for continuous PAS production with which resource savings, energy savings, and a reduction in equipment cost are rendered possible. The device for continuous PAS production according to the present invention includes a housing chamber for housing a plurality of reaction cells; wherein the housing chamber is supplied with at least an organic amide solvent, a sulfur source, and a dihalo aromatic compound. In the reaction cells, the sulfur source is polymerized with the dihalo aromatic compound in the organic amide solvent to form a reaction mixture. The reaction cells communicate with each other through a gas phase within the housing chamber. The reaction cells are sequentially connected, and the reaction mixture sequentially moves to each reaction cell.

In the thermochemical water splitting process by the CuCl cycle, oxygen gas is produced by a thermolysis process in a three-phase reactor. A precise knowledge of the hydrodynamic and heat transfer analyses is required for the scale-up of the thermolysis reactor. However, in the experimental studies of the scale up analysis, there are some challenges in using the actual materials of the thermolysis reactor products (i.e. molten salt CuCl and oxygen gas). In accordance with the teachings herein, alternative materials are defined, by using dimensional analyses, to simulate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer behaviors of the actual materials. It has been found that these alternative materials are liquid water at 222 C. and helium gas at 902 C. The alternative materials provide safe environment for the experimental runs as well as lower operating temperature. Furthermore, these alternative materials are more readily available and are low cost.

A reaction apparatus comprising at least one tubular reaction unit (23), a container (41) configured to accommodate the tubular reaction unit (23) and a temperature control medium (51) used in heat exchange with the tubular reaction unit (23), and a nozzle (31) configured to eject the temperature control medium (51) toward the tubular reaction unit (23) in the container. The reaction apparatus further comprising a movable part (34) configured to adjust an ejection direction of the nozzle (31) is preferred. The reaction apparatus allows for effectively performing the temperature control even when the tubular reaction unit is immersed in a temperature control medium.

Disclosed herein is a method for continuously preparing crystalline cannabinoid particles. The method includes preparing a cannabinoid-rich solution that comprises a first cannabinoid and inducing the cannabinoid-rich solution to a supersaturated state in which the first cannabinoid has a supersaturated concentration that is greater than a corresponding saturation concentration of the first cannabinoid. The method includes flowing the cannabinoid-rich solution into a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) in a continuous manner, mixing the cannabinoid-rich solution under turbulent mixing conditions to form a plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and a cannabinoid-depleted solution within the CSTR, and discharging the plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and the cannabinoid-depleted solution from the CSTR in a continuous manner to provide a flow rate through the CSTR. The method includes separating crystalline cannabinoid particles from the plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and the cannabinoid-depleted solution in a continuous manner.

A batch reactor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a reactor receiving a solvent in a liquid phase; a sparger configured to supply a raw material in a gas phase into the reactor; and a stirrer having an impeller on a rotational shaft installed in the reactor in a height direction to stir the solvent and the raw material, in which the impeller includes a radial-type impeller and an axial-type impeller.

A system and method for cleaning, conditioning, and/or rejuvenating carbon-based sorbents is disclosed where a chemical cleaning process is used to separate contaminants from the sorbent. The contaminants can be disposed of or recycled for industrial uses. The cleaned and/or rejuvenated carbon-based sorbent is recycled back into a reverse venturi shaped fluidized bed apparatus for later use. Spent carbon-based sorbent can be routed for appropriate disposal. The carbon-based sorbents include, but are not limited to, activated carbon sorbent and biochar sorbent. Optionally, the sorbents can be processed through the system prior to exposure to contaminated emissions to enhance and increase the porosity of the outer surface of the sorbents.