This disclosure relates to weldments useful as heat transfer tubes in refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures. This disclosure also relates to tubes that are useful in refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures. The weldments include a tubular member and at least one mixing element. The tubular member comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element's aluminum-containing alloy can be the same as or different from the tubular member's aluminum-containing alloy. Other aspects of the disclosure relate to refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures which include such weldments.

Methods and apparatuses for regenerating catalysts and methods of inhibiting corrosion in catalyst regenerating apparatuses are provided. An exemplary apparatus includes: a metal vessel configured to receive a spent catalyst stream and contact at least a portion of the spent catalyst stream with an oxygen containing environment at a sufficiently high temperature to burn coke present in the spent catalyst stream; a refractory material overlying at least a portion of an inner surface of the metal vessel; and a corrosion inhibiting material in contact with at least a portion of the inner surface of the metal vessel and disposed between the inner surface and at least a portion of the refractory material, wherein the corrosion inhibiting material is heat stable at a temperature of at least up to about 400 F. (about 204 C.) and inhibits contact of an acid environment with the inner surface of the metal vessel.

Provided herein are corrosion-resistant reactors that can be used for gasification, and methods of making and using the same. Some embodiments include a corrosion-resistant ceramic layer. According to some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant ceramic layer has a negative charge. At temperature above water's critical point (for example, 374 CC and at 22.1 MPa I 218 atm), water can behave as an adjustable solvent and can have tunable properties depending on temperature and pressure.

A reactor useful in the production and conversion of hydrocarbon feedstocks may include: a pressure vessel with an interior wall; a refractory lining inside the reactor, wherein the refractory lining comprises: a first layer comprising a brick refractory, a second layer comprising a refractory castable, wherein the refractory castable comprises an aggregate and a binder, wherein the binder comprises CaO.Math.6Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and less than 1 wt % of a hydratable calcium aluminate, and a third layer comprising a fiber refractory, wherein the second layer is between the first and third layers, and wherein the third layer is closest to the interior wall.

An embodiment of the invention includes a riser reactor for reacting a feedstock and catalyst. The riser reactor wall defines an interior. A continuous refractory lining is attached to the reactor wall and defines a plurality of flow disruptors that extend inward from the wall into the reactor interior and disrupt flow patterns of the feedstock and catalyst.

The present disclosure relates to a dispersed metal nanoparticle synthesis method and metal nanoparticles prepared thereby. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method of effectively preparing a dispersed metal nanoparticle using Taylor vortex flow even when using a small amount of stabilizer or using no stabilizer, and well-dispersed nanoparticles obtained thereby.

An optical fiber reactor includes a reaction chamber defining an inlet at a first end of the reaction chamber and an outlet at a second end of the reaction chamber, a multiplicity of side-emitting optical fibers extending from the first end toward the second end, and a light source optically coupled to the optical fibers and configured to irradiate the photocatalyst on the multiplicity of side-emitting optical fibers from an interior of each of the optical fibers at a selected wavelength. The inlet is configured to receive an input gas including a contaminant and the outlet is configured to allow egress of a treated gas from the reaction chamber. The exterior surface of each optical fiber of the multiplicity of optical fibers is coated with a photocatalyst, which is configured to reduce a concentration of the contaminant in the reaction chamber through photocatalytic oxidation or reduction of the contaminant.

The present application discloses a calculation method for thickness of inner oxide layer of a martensitic heat-resistant steel in steam environment. The calculation method takes into account the steam temperature, the steam pressure and the operation time, which are the three factors that have significant effects on the thickness of the oxide layer, and with the help of a metal oxidation kinetic model, the formula is mathematically modified by combining a large number of actual operation and laboratory simulation experimental data of the power plant. A calculation method for thickness of inner oxide layer of 9% Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel in steam environment is obtained by using linear fitting and curve fitting, etc.