A duplex stainless steel for use in a urea production plant and/or in a urea production process, containing in weight percentage (% w): C 0.03 or less; Si 0.5 or less; Mn 2.5 or less; Cr from more than 30.0 to 35.0; Ni from 5.5 to 8.0; Co from 0.01 to 0.8; Mo from 2.0 to 2.5; W 2.5 or less; N from 0.3 to 0.6; Cu 1.0 or less; and having one or more of: Ca 0.0040 or less; Mg 0.0040 or less; one or more rare-earth elements in a total amount of 0.1 or less; the balance being Fe and impurities; and satisfying the relationship: Z=1.062 (Ni+Co)+4.185 Mo is between 14.95 and 19.80.

A hydrocarbon is produced by applying mechanical energy to a metal body containing stainless steel by solid-solid contact so that a contact pressure per unit area is 30 kPa or more, in the presence of a gas containing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source, thereby adding hydrogen to carbon dioxide. Further, a hydrocarbon is produced by providing a reaction vessel for applying mechanical energy to a metal body by solid-solid contact in the presence of a gas containing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source, a gas introduction unit for introducing the gas containing carbon dioxide to the reaction vessel, a hydrogen source introduction unit for introducing the hydrogen source to the reaction vessel, and a gas discharge unit for discharging a gas containing the hydrocarbon produced in the reaction vessel, and adding hydrogen to the carbon dioxide in the reaction vessel.

A process and apparatus for hydroprocessing a biorenewable feedstock involves an advantageous metallurgy. The biorenewable feed stream is hydrotreated in a hydrotreating reactor comprising a stainless steel having a composition of at least about 2 wt-% molybdenum which is sufficiently resistant to acidic corrosion. The hydrotreated biorenewable stream is hydroisomerized in a hydroisomerization reactor comprising a stainless steel having a composition of less than about 2 wt-% molybdenum. Most of the free fatty acids are deoxygenated in the hydrotreating reactor to make water, thus avoiding exposure of downstream equipment to acid attack. The stainless steel of said hydrotreating reactor may have a composition of no more than about 0.02 wt-% carbon.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a stainless steel member and a production method thereof, said stainless steel member having a passivation layer formed on a surface of a base material formed from stainless steel, wherein the film thickness of the passivation layer is 2-20 nm, and the concentration of chromium atoms in the outermost surface of the passivation layer is 0.1-2.3 by atomic percentage. Also provided are a device or container, the liquid-contact part of which in contact with a semiconductor treatment liquid is formed from the stainless steel member, a semiconductor treatment liquid production method for producing the semiconductor treatment liquid by using the device, and a semiconductor treatment liquid storage method for storing the semiconductor treatment liquid in the container.

A process for producing a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt F(SO.sub.2)NLi(SO.sub.2)-F involving a step (b) with a step of fluorinating bis(chlorosulfonyl)imide Cl(SO.sub.2)NH(SO.sub.2)Cl with anhydrous HF, optionally in at least one organic solvent OS1, said step (b) being carried out in a reactor made of a material M3 that is resistant to corrosion, or in a reactor that contains a base layer made of a material M1 coated with a surface layer made of a material M2 that is resistant to corrosion.

The present invention is related to a two-step carboxylation reaction of an aryl group using continuous flow reaction conditions. This process permits large scale synthesis of useful reaction products in high yield.

In chemical processes for cracking hydrocarbons, reactors are subject to coking. This results in carburization of the metal substrate for the reactor leading to a reduced reactor life. If the reactor is subject to a decoke process, followed by a steam scour and nitriding there is a reduced tendency to carburization of the metal substrate improving the reactor life.

Provided is a method of producing an amide compound, the method including: obtaining a reaction solution containing an amide compound by bringing a microbial cell containing nitrile hydratase, or a processed product of the microbial cell, into contact with a nitrile compound in an aqueous medium in a first reactor; and causing the obtained reaction solution containing an amide compound to react in a second reactor having a plug-flow region, in which the Reynolds number in the second reactor is controlled to from 5 to 1,000.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a stainless steel member and a production method thereof, said stainless steel member having a passivation layer formed on a surface of a base material formed from stainless steel, wherein the film thickness of the passivation layer is 2-20 nm, and the concentration of chromium atoms in the outermost surface of the passivation layer is 0.1-2.3 by atomic percentage. Also provided are a device or container, the liquid-contact part of which in contact with a semiconductor treatment liquid is formed from the stainless steel member, a semiconductor treatment liquid production method for producing the semiconductor treatment liquid by using the device, and a semiconductor treatment liquid storage method for storing the semiconductor treatment liquid in the container.

A method of stabilizing virgin ion exchange resin material is provided. The method includes rinsing virgin ion exchange resin material with deoxygenated water, introducing the rinsed virgin ion exchange resin material into a gas impermeable vessel and hermetically sealing the vessel. A vessel containing deoxygenated water and virgin ion exchange resin material is also provided. A method of facilitating water treatment in a site in need thereof by providing the gas impermeable vessel containing virgin ion exchange resin material and residual moisture from deoxygenated water is also provided.