The invention relates to a thermal conversion vessel (200) used during amidification step of acetone cyanohydrin (ACH), in the industrial process for production of a methyl methacrylate (MMA) or methacrylic acid (MAA). The thermal conversion vessel (200) is used for converting an hydrolysis mixture of -hydroxyisobutyramide (HIBAM), -sulfatoisobutyramide (SIBAM), 2-methacrylamide (MACRYDE) and methacrylique acid (MAA), into a mixture of 2-methacrylamide (MACRYDE). It comprises: at least one compartment (C1, C2, C3, . . . Ci) comprising an inner wall (206a, 206b, 206i) separating said compartment into two communicating parts (C1a, C1b) by a passage provided between the bottom of said vessel and said inner wall, said compartment having a space above said inner wall, for separating gas phase from liquid phase during thermal conversion, said compartment being connected to an outlet valve (204a, 204b, . . . 204i).

Such vessel allows obtaining a high yield thermal conversion in very safe conditions.

The present disclosure provides methods for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. In one non-limiting exemplary embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides a method for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to form syngas that includes contacting a feedstream that contains hydrogen and carbon dioxide with a catalyst at a temperature of about 650 C. in an Inconel alloy reactor to produce a syngas mixture that includes hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Provided is a method for directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface. Also provided is an apparatus suitable for directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface.

The invention relates to the use of a reactor, methods, and devices for the quantitative recovery of molecular hydrogen from solid, liquid, or gaseous substances which contain hydrogen and which have heteroatoms, as well as to reactors. In this case, the reactors have material containing chromium. The subject matter of the invention also includes the use of the reactor, the method, and the device for the compound-specific or component-specific measurement of the isotope ratio (.sup.2H) of hydrogen using online apparatuses.

Heating reaction container comprises: a first member; a second member; and a third member. An opening is closed by the second member being detachably fitted in the first member and by the third member being detachably fitted in the second member. 1, 2, and 3 satisfy a relation of 3>2>1, 3=2>1, or 3>2=1, where 1 represents a thermal expansion coefficient of a first material of the first member, 2 represents a thermal expansion coefficient of a second material of the second member, and 3 represents a thermal expansion coefficient of a third material of the third member. A gap is present before heating, and a space is sealed, through the heating, by a first contact surface coming into intimate contact with a second contact surface and by a third contact surface coming into intimate contact with a fourth contact surface.

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

In an embodiment, a method of producing carbonate can comprise: reacting a feed comprising carbon monoxide and chlorine in a tube of a reactor to produce a product composition comprising phosgene, wherein the tube has a particulate catalyst contained therein, wherein a thermally conductive material separate from the tube contacts at least a portion of the particulate catalyst, and wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the product composition in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume based on the volume of the phosgene; and reacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate.

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.