An improved system for generating graphene involves a liquid reaction chamber configured to receive a working liquid source, a carbon atom source, and a catalyst to cause a chemical reaction in the reaction chamber and a resulting reactant liquid comprising ring structures having starved carbon atoms. The ring structures are provided to a graphene generation chamber having a magnetic structure that includes a two-dimensional array of alternating polarity magnetic sources that produce a magnetic field having a gradient sufficient to float graphene over the magnetic structure. The graphene generation chamber generates graphene from said ring structures over the magnetic structure such that the graphene floats over the magnetic structure due to said graphene being diamagnetic. The rate at which the ring structures are produced is controlled to control the rate of graphene generation. The magnetic field of the magnetic structure can be controlled to control the rate at which the generated graphene moves through the graphene generation chamber until it exits as a recovered graphene product.

This disclosure provides a reactor system that includes a microwave energy source that generates a microwave energy, a field-enhancing waveguide (FEWG) coupled to the microwave source. The FEWG includes a field-enhancing zone having a cross-sectional area that decreases along a length of the FEWG. The field-enhancing zone includes a supply gas inlet that receives a supply gas, a reaction zone that generates a plasma in response to excitation of the supply gas by the microwave energy, a process inlet that injects a raw material into the reaction zone, and a constricted region that retains a portion of the plasma and combines the plasma and the raw material in response to the microwave energy within the reaction zone. An expansion chamber is in fluid communication with the constricted region facilitates expansion of the plasma. An outlet outputs a plurality of carbon-inclusive particles derived from the expanded plasma and the raw material.

There is disclosed a super critical hydrolysis extraction apparatus including a pressure container comprising a body and a lid coupled to the body to close a space formed therein to accommodate an object; a contact unit configured to open and close C the body, while moving the lid forward and backward; and a pipeline unit comprising a supply line where a liquid for filling in the pressure container and a discharge line for discharging the liquid of the pressure container.

Provided are an improved method and device for modifying a fluororesin. The method for modifying a fluororesin includes: a first step in which a first fluid containing an organic compound including at least one of an oxygen atom and a nitrogen atom is irradiated with ultraviolet light exhibiting intensity in at least a wavelength region of 205 nm or less, and the first fluid that has been irradiated with the ultraviolet light is brought into contact with a fluororesin; and a second step in which a second fluid containing water in the form of gas or mist is irradiated with the ultraviolet light, and the second fluid that has been irradiated with the ultraviolet light is brought into contact with the fluororesin.

Disclosed herein is a rotary tube furnace configured to facilitate a chemical reaction between a solid mass and a gas in the furnace. The rotary tube furnace may comprise a reaction chamber extending through the furnace, the reaction chamber configured to control ingress and egress of each of the solid mass and the gas in the reaction chamber; a passage way configured to supply the solid mass to the reaction chamber; a passage way configured to supply the gas to the reaction chamber and circulate the gas through the reaction chamber; a heater providing heat to the reaction chamber and configured to control a reaction temperature in the reaction chamber; a magnetic field source in proximity to the reaction chamber for generating a magnetic field to one or more reaction zones of the reaction chamber; wherein the reaction chamber provides for mixing the solid mass and the gas.

A photocatalytic cell of the disclosure is a photocatalytic cell that contains a photocatalyst sheet and an electrolyte. The photocatalyst sheet includes a carrier sheet provided with multiple fibers bonded thereto, and multiple photocatalyst particles supported or fixed on the carrier sheet, the multiple photocatalyst particles include tungsten oxide particles, and a mass of the multiple photocatalyst particles per unit area of the photocatalyst sheet is 20 g/m2 or more.