Materials (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems equipment, and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, using an array of vaults.

A method for bonding a fluid to a substance includes filling a first pressure vessel with the fluid and pressurizing the first pressure vessel to a first pressure. The fluid is the circulated through an electric arc formed within the first pressure vessel, thereby creating a treated fluid. Within a second pressure vessel, the substance is exposed to a magnetic field, thereby forming a polarized substance. The treated fluid and polarized substance are combined under a second pressure within a third pressure vessel, thereby exposing the treated fluid to the polarized substance at a pressure sufficient to achieve a bond.

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, novel systems, methods and equipment for conveying and/or cooling treated biomass are described.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. Systems, methods and equipment are described for upgrading process streams using electrodialysis or electrodialysis reversal.

Microwave chemical processing system having a microwave plasma reactor, and a multi-stage gas-solid separation system are disclosed. The microwave energy source has a waveguide, a reaction zone, and an inlet configured to receive the input material, and the input material is converted into separated components. The separated components include hydrogen gas and carbon particles. The multi-stage gas-solid separation system has a first cyclone separator to filter the carbon particles from the separated components, and a back-pulse filter system coupled to the output of the first cycle separator to filter the carbon particles from the output from the first cyclone separator.

A reaction system and method for preparing compounds or intermediates from solid reactant materials is provided. In a specific aspect, a reaction system and methods are provided for preparation of boron-containing precursor compounds useful as precursors for ion implantation of boron in substrates. In another specific aspect, a reactor system and methods are provided for manufacture of boron precursors such as B.sub.2F.sub.4.

The present invention relates to methods and devices for providing microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation of an environment. The methods generally comprise generating a Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (PHPG) that is substantially free of, e.g., hydration, ozone, plasma species, and/or organic species; and directing the gas comprising primarily PHPG into the environment such that the PHPG acts to provide microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation in the environment, preferably both on surfaces and in the air.

An apparatus for producing carbon nanotubes includes a plasma apparatus and a CVD reactor which are connected in series is disclosed, and a nanoparticle catalyst in an aerosol state prepared in the plasma apparatus is transferred into the CVD reactor to synthesize carbon nanotubes, thereby continuously synthesizing the carbon nanotubes having excellent physical properties.

Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and devices for rapid synthesis of materials. In some embodiments, a system may comprise a material processing apparatus for processing a material, the material processing apparatus comprising a material passage structure in communication with a material feeding inlet, the material passage structure located within a reaction chamber, and the material feeding inlet configured to receive a material and transfer the material to the material passage structure; and a heat source in communication with the reaction chamber, the heat source comprising one or more of: plasma, flame, combustion sources, resistive heaters, heated liquid baths, electromagnetic radiation, and/or induction heaters, wherein the material passage structure is located within, surrounding, or adjacent to the heat source, such that the material passage structure is heated by the heat source and the material is converted to a product within the material passage structure.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. Systems, methods and equipment are described for upgrading process streams using electrodialysis or electrodialysis reversal.