Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

A reactor for forming a plasma in a flowing fluid that includes a central rod belonging to a first electrode, an insulator, a tubular body belonging to a second electrode and defining a cylindrical space for the flow of the fluid between the tubular body and the insulator. The reactor further includes control disk having a front face linked to a downstream end of the central rod, and a permanent magnet juxtaposed against a back face of the control disk. One or more ribs are on a front face of the control disk according to a pattern in relief defining successive starting points for an electric arc distributed around the central axis of the reactor so as to generate electric arcs situated on a reaction cone and appearing to turn around the central axis.

A process for preparation of a polymer product comprising the steps of i) feeding an aqueous mixture comprising a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer or a mixture of monoethylenically unsaturated monomers into a first reactor device (2) through at least one inlet; ii) partially polymerizing the monomer or monomers and transferring the polymerizing monomer or mixture of monomers from the inlet to an outlet (3) of the first reactor device (2) to provide a partially polymerized product; iii) flowing the partially polymerized product out of the outlet (3), in which no more than 60% of the monomer or mixture of monomers has been polymerized in the partially polymerized product as it exits the outlet (3) of first reactor device (2), and transferring it to a further reactor device (5), in which the further reactor device (5) has an inlet and an outlet (6);
iv) continuing the polymerization in the further reactor device (5) and removing the polymer product from the outlet (6) of the further reactor device (5),
characterized in that the first reactor device (2) comprises a positive displacement pump.

A reactor design and configuration and a process for the catalytic dehydration of ethanol to ethylene where the reactor train is comprised of a multi-stage single reactor vessel or multiple reactor vessels wherein each stage and/or vessel has different length, internal diameter, and volume than the other stages and/or vessels and in addition the stages and/or reactor vessels are connected in series arrangement, preferably used with an improved means of introducing the ethanol feedstock and a heat carrying inert gas to the improved reactor train. The inert gas is heated in a separate furnace from the ethanol feed and then injected into the ethanol feed to supply the heat of reaction.

The present invention relates to an intensification of the synthetic process for the preparation of dialkyl ether from alcohol by using a conical fixed bed reactor integrated with distillation coupled conical polishing reactor.

An apparatus for continuous preparation of carbon nanotubes, based on a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor comprises an annular varying diameter zone, a raw material gas inlet, a catalyst feeding port, a protective gas inlet, and a pulse gas controller. The annular varying diameter zone is located at a zone from a ¼ position starting from the bottom to the top. The pulse gas controller is disposed at the arc-shaped top portion of the annular varying diameter zone. The catalyst feeding port is located at the top of the fluidized bed reactor. The raw material gas inlet and the protective gas inlet are located at the bottom of the fluidized bed reactor. The device is also provided with a product outlet and a tail gas outlet. The device has a simple structure and low cost, is easy to operate, has a high raw material utilization rate, can effectively control the problem of carbon deposition on the inner wall of a primary reactor, can manufacture high-purity carbon nanotubes, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

Systems and methods include a computer-implemented method can be used to make drilling tools from new wurtzite boron nitride (w-BN) superhard material. An ultra-high-pressure, high-temperature operation is performed on pure w-BN powder to synthesize w-BN and cubic boron nitride (c-BN) compact having a first size greater than particles of the pure w-BN powder. The ultra-high-pressure, high-temperature operation includes pressurizing the w-BN powder to a pressure of approximately 20 Gigapascal, heating the w-BN powder at a heating rate of 100° C./minute and cooling the w-BN powder at a cooling rate of 50° C./minute. The compact is cut to a second size smaller than the first size using laser cutting tools. The cut compact is bonded metallurgically, mechanically, or both metallurgically and mechanically onto a tool substrate to form the drilling tool.

A reactor for carrying out an endothermic reaction, in particular a high-temperature reaction, in which a product gas is obtained from a feed gas, wherein: the reactor surrounds a reactor interior; the reactor is configured to provide a reactor bed in a reaction zone of the reactor interior, which reactor bed comprises a large number of solid material particles; the reactor is also configured to guide the feed gas into the reaction zone; in order to heat the feed gas, the reactor is designed to heat the solid material particles in the reaction zone such that, by transferring heat from the solid material particles to the feed gas, the feed gas in the reaction zone can be heated to a reaction temperature in order to participate as a starting product in the endothermic reaction for producing the product gas.

Disclosed is an apparatus for conversion of ammonia into oxides of nitrogen which may comprise an adiabatic burner (108), a set of platinum/rhodium alloy catalytic gauzes (102A), (102B), and (102C), a waste heat recovery boiler (WHRB) (110), an absorption tower (302A), (302B), (302C), (302D) and (302E), a NaOH tank (306) and a surge tank (304). Further, the adiabatic burner may be configured to carry out catalytic oxidation of air and ammonia, using catalytic gauzes (102A), (102B), and (102C) of platinum/rhodium alloy. Further, the mixture of air and ammonia may be selectively oxidized to oxides of nitrogen, which may be absorbed in an alkali medium in the absorption tower (302A), (302B), (302C), (302D) and (302E), to yield sodium nitrites and nitrates.

A system for controlling contamination in hydrogen production from water-reactive aluminum includes at least one reaction vessel. For example, each reaction vessel may include a container, a conduit, and a plurality of baffles. The container may define a volume, and the conduit may define an orifice outside of the container and spaced away from the container. The plurality of baffles may be disposed in the volume to form a tortuous flow path through the volume to the orifice of the conduit to facilitate rapid production of a large quantity of hydrogen from water-reactive aluminum while reducing the likelihood that ejecta, aerosols, or a combination thereof, may escape the reaction vessel to interfere with end-use of the hydrogen produced.